Treatment with 1-BH increased serum activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase

(AST) dose dependently. The hepatic contents of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances GSK461364 were significantly increased at 2000 mg/kg of 1-BH from 12 to 24 hr after the treatment. Oral 1-BH at 2000 mg/kg significantly suppressed production of splenic intracellular interleukin (IL)-2 in response to concanavalin A. Following treatment with 1-BH, three GSH conjugates such as S-hexyl GSH, S-hexyl cysteine, and hydroxyhexyl mercapturic acid were identified in livers by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The hepatic contents of GSH were maximally decreased 6 hr after treatment with 1-BH. GSH conjugates were also detected maximally in livers 6 hr after treatment. These results suggest that 1-BH could cause hepatotoxicity and immunotoxicity as well as depletion of GSH content due to the formation of GSH conjugates with 1-BH in female BALB/c mice.”
“Background: selleck chemicals Patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) often report the use of antiplatelet medications, even more commonly than the use of anticoagulants. The effect of antiplatelet drugs on the course of ICH is controversial. In this study,

our aim was to determine the effects of previous antiplatelet therapy on admission hematoma volume and hematoma expansion in patients with spontaneous ICH. Methods: A consecutive series of patients with a diagnosis of ICH who underwent

brain computed tomographic (CT) scans within 12 hours of symptom onset and a follow-up CT scan within 72 hours were included in the study. Hematoma volume was calculated by using the ABC/2 method on admission and follow-up images. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine the independent role of antiplatelet use on baseline hematoma volume and hematoma expansion (defined as an increase in hematoma volume >12.5 mL or 33% of the baseline ICH volume). Results: A total of 153 patients were included in the study. Fifty-two (34%) patients were using Cyclosporin A antiplatelet drugs at the time of symptom onset. Antiplatelet users tend to have a larger baseline hematoma volume; however, this difference failed to reach statistical significance (P=.17). Antiplatelet therapy was found to be a significant determinant of substantial hematoma expansion, both in univariate and multivariate analyses (P<.01). Conclusions: Previous antiplatelet use significantly contributes to hematoma expansion in patients with ICH.”
“Background: Alterations in left ventricular (LV) twist (torsion) and untwist have been described for a variety of physiologic and pathologic conditions. Little information is available regarding changes in these parameters during normal pregnancy.

These drugs act by indirectly inhibiting several activated plasma clotting factors (LMWH) or by blocking the synthesis of some of them (VKA). In recent years, compounds that specifically block activated coagulation factor X (FXa) or thrombin have been developed. Thus, Fondaparinux, and its long-acting derivative idraparinux, are

administered subcutaneously. These substances inhibit F Xa indirectly via antithrombin. Small molecules have also been developed that directly block FXa (rivaroxaban, apixaban) or thrombin (dabigatran etexilate) following oral administration.

In the present review we discuss the currently available evidence supporting the use of these new anticoagulants, in particular rivaroxaban and dabigatran etexilate, in the setting of thrombo-prophylaxis Stem Cell Compound Library following major orthopaedic surgery, and the broader perspectives that these new drugs may open up in the next few years.”
“Starch noodles, produced from purified starch of various plant sources, are a major category of Asian noodles. This review summarizes the current knowledge on: (1) Definition, naming, history and categories of starch noodles. (2) The morphological, physico-chemical, thermal, rheological

characteristics and molecular structure of materials including mung bean starch, pea starch, sweet potato starch, potato starch and corn starch. (3) Processing technology of starch noodles including dropping, CX-6258 cell line extruding and Cutting. (4) Structure of starch noodles: it is composed of hydrolysis-resistant crystalline zone, network-like frame-work and filler mass. (5) Nutrition of starch noodles: it could be evaluated by the digestibility of starch, hydrolysis properties of gelatinized and retrograded starches, hydrolysis Volasertib property of starch noodles. (6) Quality evaluating of starch noodles: it includes sensory, cooking and texture property. Correlation between the physical properties of starch, processing variables and the sensory, cooking and texture property of starch noodles are summarized. (7) Quality improving for non-mung bean starch noodles: (a) using

other materials such as red bean starch, pigeonpea starch, potato starch, sweet potato starch, corn starch, to substitute totally or partly mung bean starch; (b) adding chemically modified starch; (c) adding physically modified starch; (d) biologically treating starch; (e) using additives such as chitosan, polysaccharide gums. Crown Copyright (c) 2009 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“This study reports the outcome results from a pilot clinical trial using a simplified laboratory method for human IVF. This system reproducibly generates de novo the atmospheric and culture conditions that support normal fertilization and preimplantation embryogenesis to the hatched blastocyst stage without the need for specialized medical-grade gases or equipment.

8 +/- 5.2 %, and there was a significant increase of TT, FT, SHBG, and FSH and a decrease of E2 and PRL. Prevalence of persistent hypogonadism after surgery was 6 % (low TT) and 15 % (low FT). %WL was significantly associated with percent changes in SHBG (r = -0.4, p = 0.04), inhibin B (r = -0.4, p = 0.03), and AMH (r = -0.4, p = 0.01). Age and %WL were the only significant and independent parameters associated with %TT change.

Conclusion Obesity-associated hypogonadism is very prevalent in males with morbid obesity and is mostly reversed after sustained weight loss by bariatric surgery.”
“Modafinil may be useful for treating stimulant abuse,

but the mechanisms by which it acts to do so are unknown. Indeed, a primary effect of modafinil Tipifarnib Metabolism inhibitor is to inhibit dopamine transport, which typically promotes rather than inhibits motivated behavior. Therefore, we examined the role of nucleus accumbens Epigenetic inhibitor extracellular glutamate

and the group II metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR2/3) in modafinil effects. One group of rats was trained to self-administer cocaine for 10 days and extinguished, then given priming injections of cocaine to elicit reinstatement. Modafinil (300mg/kg, intraperitoneal) inhibited reinstated cocaine seeking (but did not alter extinction responding by itself), and this effect was prevented by pre-treatment with bilateral microinjections of the mGluR2/3 antagonist LY-341495 (LY) into nucleus accumbens core. No reversal of modafinil effects was seen after unilateral accumbens core LY, or bilateral LY in the rostral pole of accumbens. Next, we sought to explore effects of modafinil on extracellular glutamate levels in accumbens after chronic cocaine. Separate rats were administered non-contingent cocaine, and after 3 weeks of withdrawal underwent accumbens microdialysis. Modafinil increased extracellular accumbens glutamate in chronic cocaine, but not chronic saline-pre-treated animals. This increase was prevented by reverse dialysis of cystine-glutamate exchange or voltage-dependent calcium channel antagonists. Voltage-dependent sodium

channel blockade partly attenuated the increase in glutamate, but mGluR1 blockade did not. We conclude that modafinil increases LDN-193189 molecular weight extracellular glutamate in nucleus accumbens from glial and neuronal sources in cocaine-exposed rats, which may be important for its mGluR2/3-mediated antirelapse properties.”
“Background: Large-scale clinical trials with thousands of participants are often needed to evaluate the risk reductions of cardiac events and/or death. Many recent clinical trials have evaluated the incidences of cardiac events using hard endpoints, especially in cardiovascular and metabolic medicine. A high investigation cost is involved in conducting a large-scale clinical trial, and obtaining sufficient funding is essential. The infrastructural environment of clinical trials is currently inadequate in Japan. We conducted a questionnaire-based survey to address this issue.

Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 158 consecutive patients with HCC who underwent LT.

Results: Twelve (7.6%) recurrences were observed. At multivariate analysis, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) > 400 ng/mL (odds ratio [OR] 8.4, p < 0.01) and total tumor diameter (TTD) > 8 cm (OR 7.4, p = 0.01) were the strongest predictors for recurrence. AFP-TTD criteria resulted in a low five-yr recurrence rate (4.9%) and an increased number of LT compared with the MC (22.2% increase). The five-yr disease-free survival rate was 74.4% in AFP-TTD Alvocidib cost criteria in patients, with a higher

effectiveness in stratifying the cohort with respect to the MC.

Conclusions: Both AFP and TTD are good independent predictors of HCC recurrence. Their combination appears to obtain a better selection of candidates for LT without worsening

patient survival and recurrence rates. This approach allows for an increase in the number of potentially transplantable patients.”
“Oxygen K-edge and Fe L-2,L-3-edge electron energy-loss near-edge structures PF-6463922 (ELNES) were measured for FeO6 octahedra and FeO4 tetrahedra in the brownmillerite Ca(Sr)FeO2.5 by focusing an electron probe at individual Fe sites using scanning transmission electron microscopy combined with electron energy-loss spectroscopy. The observed site-resolved oxygen K-ELNES showed different features reflecting the local chemical bonding around the FeO6 octahedra and FeO4 tetrahedra. A pre-peak in the O K-edge spectra, which is attributed to a transition to an unoccupied O 2p band hybridized with the Fe-3d band, shows splitting in the spectrum BTK inhibitor of the FeO6 octahedral site. Additionally, for the oxygen linking the octahedral and tetrahedral Fe sites in CaFeO2.5, charge transfer was found to preferentially occur toward the tetrahedral Fe ions. In the case of SrFeO2.5, charge transfer from the oxygen located in the ac plane was biased toward the tetrahedral Fe atoms. Based upon an analysis of the pre-peak intensity of the O K-ELNES, it was concluded that

bonding between the oxygen and iron atoms at the tetrahedral site was more covalent in character than at the octahedral site. The strong covalent character of the tetrahedral sites would be one of the reasons for distortion in the FeO6 octahedra in Ca(Sr)FeO2.5, as exhibited by an extension along the b-axis. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3610526]“
“Oncolytic adenoviruses, such as ONYX-015, have been tested in clinical trials for currently untreatable tumors, but have yet to demonstrate adequate therapeutic efficacy. The extent to which viruses infect targeted cells determines the efficacy of this approach but many tumors down-regulate the Coxsackievirus and Adenovirus Receptor (CAR), rendering them less susceptible to infection. Disrupting MAPK pathway signaling by pharmacological inhibition of MEK up-regulates CAR expression, offering possible enhanced adenovirus infection.

Respiratory disturbances were present in all, clinically relevant in 10 (apnea hypopnea per hour 1.0-14.5). In 8 children, central apneas were present during the day often with obstructive apneas at night. In 6, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome was diagnosed, in 3 severe, with frequent oxygen desaturations. Significant respiratory complaints were present in 3 patients, all had obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.

Of the 12 patients with Rett, 8 (67%) snored, and in 5 obstructive sleep apnea syndrome was present. In children, hypertrophied tonsils and adenoids are a common cause of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, which may benefit from therapeutic intervention. We recommend performing polysomnography in patients with Rett syndrome and respiratory complaints.”
“There is general agreement regarding the importance of learn more analysing the territories’ roles under different biodiversity management figures in order to support better decision making in the management of natural resources SCH727965 in tropical countries. in this study we analyse the deforestation process to address the question of whether existing strategies such as national protected areas (PAs) and indigenous reservations (IRs) are effective protecting forests in the Colombian Guyana shield. We analyse whether these territories have successfully halted deforestation and agricultural frontier expansion by comparing deforestation occurring within these areas

with their surroundings from 1985 to 2002. We also evaluate the impact of roads, illicit crops, and the size of PAs and IRs on deforestation rates. The results indicate that deforestation levels along the outside borders of both management figures were almost four times higher than inside declared PAs and 1.5 times higher than in IRs. However, within IRs, the loss of forested ecosystems CA3 clinical trial was approximately six times greater than inside national parks. As a whole, roads were a significant factor associated with the changes in the region, as well as the influential expansion of coca cultivation particularly outside the national parks. The size of the PAs and indigenous

lands also determined their positive impact as barrier against deforestation. Our results suggest strong pressure on areas surrounding PAs, driven by economic forces such as illegal crop expansion, particularly in the last decade. Indigenous lands with small territories have suffered intensive deforestation processes since the 1980s, but changes have been less dramatic in larger areas. Today, PAs are an effective barrier to deforestation, especially given their large extension, but are still under high risk. Future management plans should consider a designed infrastructure development paired with the establishment of new indigenous reservations with minimum viable sizes in order to control accessibility, natural resources extraction, and deforestation. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

This haplotype was seen in control group as well. Surprisingly, total frequency of mutations in men with history of idiopathic RPL and azoospermic cases were significantly higher than that of in control groups (p < 0.05). Serum testosterone concentrations and testicular volume did not differ in the mutation positive group compared with the non-mutation group. About the USP26 gene expression, LY2090314 cost there is a significant difference between the expression levels of obstructive azoospermia, complete maturation arrest samples and SCO samples (P < 0.05).

According to our results,

the USP26 gene may play an important role in male reproduction. The alterations of this gene may be involved in male infertility and RPL in Iranian population and may negatively affect testicular function.”
“Hypothesis: The FG-4592 inhibitor histopathology of Sjogren’s syndrome (SS) in the human inner ear correlates with mouse models of autoimmune inner ear disease.

Background: SS is an autoimmune disease in which 25% of patients have sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). The inner ear histology in a SS mouse model has shown degeneration of the stria vascularis (SV) and immunoglobulin G deposition on the basement membrane of SV blood vessels. Correlation with human temporal bone histopathology has not been addressed.

Methods: The histopathology

and immunohistochemistry of the inner ear in 4 patients with SS is described and compared with SS mouse models.

Results: The histopathology of the inner ear in 3 patients with SS and SNHL showed severe loss of the intermediate cells of the SV and immunoglobulin G deposition on the basement membrane of SV blood vessels. These results parallel click here those of known SS mouse models. Additionally, there was shrinkage of the spiral ganglia neurons in 2 patients, whereas vestibular ganglia neurons were preserved. The fourth patient with SS and normal hearing showed only mild SV atrophy.

Conclusion: This is the first

study describing the pathologic changes in the inner ear of 4 patients with SS. The 3 SS specimens with SNHL showed pathologic changes in the SV similar to the mouse model of autoimmune inner ear disease. Additionally, we propose that spiral ganglia neurons may be directly affected by SS pathology. These results highlight the importance of correlating the histopathology of human temporal bones with animal models to better understand inner ear disease in future research.”
“Genetic studies have attempted to elucidate causal mechanisms for the development of complex disease, but genome-wide associations have been largely unsuccessful in establishing these links. As an alternative link between genes and disease, recent efforts have focused on mechanisms that alter the function of genes without altering the underlying DNA sequence.

Some of the highlights of the analysis revealed a limited number of studies meeting inclusion criteria for topics evaluating therapy, use of magnetic resonance imaging, and classification systems. Few studies comparing surgical fusion to nonoperative care were identified that presented treatment effects by subgroups limiting the evaluation of heterogeneity of treatment effects.

Conclusion. We undertook systematic reviews to understand the classification, measurement, and management of CLBP and to provide clinical recommendations. This article reports

the methods used in the reviews.

Clinical Recommendations. Clinical recommendations were made where appropriate using the GRADE/Agency for Healthcare Nepicastat Research and Quality approach, which imparts a deliberate separation between the quality of the evidence (i.e., high, moderate, low, or inconclusive) from the strength of the recommendation. The quality of evidence plays only a part as the strength of the recommendation reflects the extent to which we can, across the range of patients for whom the recommendations are intended, be confident that desirable effects Small molecule library concentration of a management strategy outweigh undesirable effects.”
“Of 40 ready-to-eat salads, 3 (7.5%) were positive for Clostridium difficile by PCR. Two isolates were PCR ribotype 017 (toxin A-, B+), and 1 was PCR ribotype 001. Isolates were susceptible to vancomycin

and metronidazole but variably resistant to other antimicrobial drugs. Ready-to-eat salads may be potential sources for virulent C. difficile.”
“Down syndrome children show a decreased avidity of the antibody response after tetanus toxoid booster vaccination at 9 years of age suggesting impaired VS-4718 nmr memory B cell selection in the germinal center. Clinicians need to be aware of this ongoing subtle immunologic deficit in Down

syndrome.”
“Propionic acidemia, an autosomal recessive disorder, is a common form of organic aciduria resulting from the deficiency of propionyl-CoA carboxylase. It is characterized by frequent and potentially lethal episodes of metabolic acidosis often accompanied by hyperammonemia. A wide range of brain abnormalities have been reported in propionic acidemia. We report recurrent visual hallucinations in 2 children with propionic acidemia. Four visual hallucination events were observed in the 2 patients. Three episodes were preceded by an intercurrent illness, and 2 were associated with mild metabolic decompensation. The 2 events in one patient were associated with a seizure disorder with abnormal electroencephalogram. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed abnormal basal ganglia and faint temporo-occipital swelling bilaterally. This is probably the first report of visual hallucinations in propionic acidemia and should alert the treating clinicians to look for visual hallucinations in patients with organic acidurias, especially in an unusually anxious child.”
“Study Design.

STT in a SAF-free layer substantially changes the magnetization dynamics and induces a this website shift of the critical switching current. STT in a SAF-free layer suppresses current-induced parallel-to-antiparallel switching, whereas it encourages antiparallel-to-parallel switching. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3562214]“
“Thermal and smoke properties of poly(vinyl chloride)/copper-containing layered double hydroxide (MgCuAl-LDH) composites were studied in this article. Highly crystallized LDH with platelet size at micrometer scale was prepared via urea hydrolysis and further intercalated with a variety of anions. X-ray diffraction results indicated an enlargement of basal spacing to

2.54 nm for dodecylsulfonate-intercalated LDH. The effects of LDHs on thermal stability and degradation behavior of PVC were investigated by Congo Red tests and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). By incorporating 3 wt % LDHs, the thermal stability times of carbonated MgAl-LDH and MgCuAl-LDH/PVC composites were even three and five times of that of neat PVC. The TGA showed an increase of polyene sequences and char residues formed during PVC pyrolysis. MgCuAl-LDH/PVC composites gave the best reduction in maximum density of smoke, i.e., 25% lower than that of MgAl-LDH/PVC composites. However, the organomodification of LDH by anion exchange gave no contribution to improvement of thermal stability

of PVC. (c) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 122: 273-281, selleck 2011″
“To PRIMA-1MET price assess the plasma levels of the inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP), leptin,

and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) during the menstrual cycle.

Eighteen healthy volunteers were divided into two groups according to the presence of ovulatory or anovulatory menstrual cycles. Blood samples were collected at different time points: at the menstrual phase (days 2-3), periovulatory phase (days 12-13), and luteal phase (days 23-24). CRP and leptin concentrations were measured by enzyme immunoassay. GAGs were isolated using ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel and quantified as hexuronate. The structural characterization of chondroitin sulfate (CS) isomers was performed by fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis (FACE).

In the women with ovulatory cycles, plasma GAG levels differed significantly during menstrual cycle, with increased values at the periovulatory with respect to the menstrual phase. No significant differences in CRP and leptin concentrations were observed through the menstrual cycle in both the examined cycles, but inter-group analysis revealed significant differences of CRP and leptin levels between the ovulatory and anovulatory cycles with higher values at periovulatory phase in the ovulatory cycles.

There are no fluctuations of both total GAG concentration and CS isomer content during menstrual cycle in the anovulatory cycles.

1063/1.3573389]”
“We present the case of a 14-year-old girl who was admitted to the hospital with the complaint of horizontal diplopia for 48 hours. Z-IETD-FMK concentration Initially, she was diagnosed with idiopathic intracranial hypertension. During hospitalization she developed fever, macular facial rash, and chest pain, and because of abnormal laboratory findings the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus was established. She received immunomodulatory therapy, a combination of corticosteroids, and intravenous infusions of the monoclonal antibody rituximab, which augmented her clinical improvement. Intracranial hypertension secondary to systemic lupus erythematosus is a rare manifestation, especially as a presenting symptom. In

addition, the fact

that the patient developed an aggressive form of systemic lupus erythematosus during the initial period of hospitalization for idiopathic intracranial hypertension is also uncommon. Moreover, to our knowledge, we are not aware of any published case reports of intracranial hypertension secondary to systemic lupus erythematosus that was treated with rituximab.”
“Purpose: To investigate the concordance of the Durie-Salmon staging system with the Durie-Salmon PLUS staging system in monoclonal plasma cell disease.

Materials and Methods: Institutional review board approval was obtained, with waiver of informed consent. Lesions in 403 untreated patients (age range, 21-83 years) with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) (n = 84), solitary plasmacytoma (n = 17), amyloid light-chain amyloidosis (n = 12), and multiple myeloma (MM) (n Compound C = 290) were first staged on the basis of the classic Durie-Salmon staging system, which included conventional radiography. After examination with whole-body (WB) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, lesions in these patients were, in addition, staged by using the

Durie-Salmon PLUS staging system. Bone marrow infiltration pattern MRT67307 research buy and focal lesions described as intramedullary, transcortical, and soft-tissue lesions, were assessed. The staging levels of both systems were compared.

Results: Of 84 patients with MGUS, lesions in 33 (39%) would have been staged differently with Durie-Salmon PLUS staging system when compared with Durie-Salmon staging system (stage I MM [37%], stage II MM [0%], and stage III MM [2%]). All 17 patients with plasmacytoma showed additional focal lesions or a diffuse infiltration leading to a classification as stage I MM (76%), stage II MM (12%), or stage III MM (12%) with Durie-Salmon PLUS. Of the 149 patients with stage I MM, lesions in 81 (54%) would have been staged differently with the Durie-Salmon PLUS staging system. Of the 21 patients with stage II MM, lesions in 19 (91%) would have been staged differently with Durie-Salmon PLUS staging system when compared with the Durie-Salmon staging system. Of the 120 patients with stage III MM, lesions in 72 (60%) would have been staged differently with the Durie-Salmon PLUS staging system.

High thermal stability of the silicones allows the study of the hydrogen bonding (H-bonding) phenomena of these models within a broad temperature range. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 117: 982-995, 2010″
“We analyze the stress distribution in the nonuniformly bent GaN epilayers grown on a sapphire substrate. By using theoretical analysis combined with an analytical formula describing the realistic shape for the wafer bending of GaN epiwafers, we examine the

effect of nonuniformity in the wafer bending on the stress-value variation over the entire wafer. We show that the stress on the GaN thin film can deviate by similar to 1 MPa from the value obtained by the simple Stoney’s formula that is typically used for the uniformly bent wafer. MX69 research buy We

also show that the maximum value of the stress linearly increases with the bow difference along the horizontal and vertical directions. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3436586]“
“Rod-like or needle-like particles of polyanilinium p-toluene sulfonate have been used as templates for the LY3023414 mouse formation of silica microcapsules or microtubes. Thus, an alkaline aqueous suspension of the needles was treated with tetraethyl orthosilicate to form silica-coated needles, which were subsequently calcined to remove the polyanilinium templates. The rod-like or needle-like polyaniline particles, their silica-coated derivatives and silica microcapsules or microtubes have been characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and transmission electron microscopy. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 117: 996-1004,

2010″
“The pressure-volume-temperature (P-V-T) equation of state (EOS) of MgO is widely used as a pressure scale in static compression experiments. However, there are remarkable inconsistencies among different previously proposed MgO pressure scales. We calculated the P-V-T EOS of MgO up to 300 GPa and 3000 K based on experimental Proton Pump inhibitor shock Hugoniot data and a simple thermal pressure model within the Mie-Gruneisen-type analysis framework. All of the parameters used can be measured experimentally with high accuracies. We found that, in overall, the calculated P-V-T EOS of MgO has excellent agreement with the available volume compression data over a wide range of pressure and temperature. A comparison of our results with the previous theoretical investigations has also been performed and confirms that our calculated P-V-T EOS of MgO can be used as a reliable pressure scale for static experiments at high pressures and high temperatures. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.