Pregnant females were less frequent in the South African sample (2.9% vs. 14.9%), and there were no young calves (≤2 yr), but 13 in the Japanese sample (excluding three animals 148–196 cm in length for which there were no ages). The combined frequencies of pregnant females and young calves differed significantly between the two regions

(Chi square with Yates correction = 8.07, P = 0.0045). Excluding pregnant females, however, GW-572016 the proportions of lactating, ovulating (including simultaneously lactating and ovulating), and resting females were similar in both populations (Chi-square with Yates correction = 0.094, P = 0.9541). Whales in the two samples reached similar maximum ages, 58.5 and 57.5 yr in 20 and 45 males and 63.5 and 62.5 yr in 38 and 83 females from South Africa and Japan, respectively. In order to increase sample size, data from South African and Japanese females were combined (n = 120, of which 24 were immature) for most of this section. Only where there were obvious differences have the analyses been separated by population.

The number of macroscopically visible buy Erlotinib Graafian follicles in mature females varied greatly between individuals, with 42.1% having none. Although the proportion of animals with visible follicles was higher in younger (<39 yr old) than in older females (19/53 compared to 16/30), the difference was not statistically significant (Chi-square with Yates correction = 1.74, P = 0.1871). The diameter of the largest Graafian follicle ranged from 1 to 45 mm. Most (87.5%) of the follicles 10 mm or more in diameter were found in resting or ovulating females, while 88.9% of the largest follicles in immature, 75% in pregnant, and 90% in lactating females (that were not simultaneously pregnant) were less than 10 mm. Follicles 30 mm or more in diameter were only found in resting females, and although several (57%) of these were atretic, it seems likely that 30 mm was close to the diameter that the follicle attains at ovulation. A corpus luteum (CL) was found in 29 false killer

whales, 10 of which also contained a fetus, indicating that these were corpora lutea of pregnancy (CLPs). A female from Japan with a CL measuring 38.3 mm was classified as pregnant although no fetal length was recorded, medchemexpress possibly because the fetus was aborted or lost and endometrial histology or the presence of a fragment of placenta or umbilical cord indicated pregnancy (Kasuya and Tai 1993), while no data on CL size were available for another pregnant female as only one ovary was collected. An accessory CL 11.6 mm in diameter was found in a whale from Japan carrying a fetus 138 cm in length and with a main CL of 100.9 mm. No fetus was found in the uterus of the remaining 20 females, so the CLs of these females were assumed to be corpora lutea of ovulation (CLOs). No data were available for the diameters of one CLP and two CLOs. The remaining 10 CLPs (excluding the accessory corpus luteum) ranged in diameter from 38.3 mm to 100.

Pregnant females were less frequent in the South African sample (2.9% vs. 14.9%), and there were no young calves (≤2 yr), but 13 in the Japanese sample (excluding three animals 148–196 cm in length for which there were no ages). The combined frequencies of pregnant females and young calves differed significantly between the two regions

(Chi square with Yates correction = 8.07, P = 0.0045). Excluding pregnant females, however, Birinapant the proportions of lactating, ovulating (including simultaneously lactating and ovulating), and resting females were similar in both populations (Chi-square with Yates correction = 0.094, P = 0.9541). Whales in the two samples reached similar maximum ages, 58.5 and 57.5 yr in 20 and 45 males and 63.5 and 62.5 yr in 38 and 83 females from South Africa and Japan, respectively. In order to increase sample size, data from South African and Japanese females were combined (n = 120, of which 24 were immature) for most of this section. Only where there were obvious differences have the analyses been separated by population.

The number of macroscopically visible Fer-1 solubility dmso Graafian follicles in mature females varied greatly between individuals, with 42.1% having none. Although the proportion of animals with visible follicles was higher in younger (<39 yr old) than in older females (19/53 compared to 16/30), the difference was not statistically significant (Chi-square with Yates correction = 1.74, P = 0.1871). The diameter of the largest Graafian follicle ranged from 1 to 45 mm. Most (87.5%) of the follicles 10 mm or more in diameter were found in resting or ovulating females, while 88.9% of the largest follicles in immature, 75% in pregnant, and 90% in lactating females (that were not simultaneously pregnant) were less than 10 mm. Follicles 30 mm or more in diameter were only found in resting females, and although several (57%) of these were atretic, it seems likely that 30 mm was close to the diameter that the follicle attains at ovulation. A corpus luteum (CL) was found in 29 false killer

whales, 10 of which also contained a fetus, indicating that these were corpora lutea of pregnancy (CLPs). A female from Japan with a CL measuring 38.3 mm was classified as pregnant although no fetal length was recorded, MCE公司 possibly because the fetus was aborted or lost and endometrial histology or the presence of a fragment of placenta or umbilical cord indicated pregnancy (Kasuya and Tai 1993), while no data on CL size were available for another pregnant female as only one ovary was collected. An accessory CL 11.6 mm in diameter was found in a whale from Japan carrying a fetus 138 cm in length and with a main CL of 100.9 mm. No fetus was found in the uterus of the remaining 20 females, so the CLs of these females were assumed to be corpora lutea of ovulation (CLOs). No data were available for the diameters of one CLP and two CLOs. The remaining 10 CLPs (excluding the accessory corpus luteum) ranged in diameter from 38.3 mm to 100.

In all, 81 patients aged ≥ 70 years who had undergone gastric cancer Selleck BMS 907351 surgery between 2009 and 2011 were prospectively enrolled in the study. Patients with plasma βDG levels > 11 pg/mL (the cut-off value) were randomly assigned to either receive antifungal treatment or not (n = 13 in each group). Postoperative outcomes were assessed using various clinical parameters. After gastric cancer surgery, plasma βDG levels were ≥ 11 pg/mL in 26 of 81 elderly patients

(32.1%). Of the βDG-positive patients, significantly more had stages III and IV rather than stages I and II disease (44.1% vs 23.4%, respectively; P = 0.049). Fever on postoperative day 8 was significantly reduced in the pre-emptive antifungal-treated group than in the control group (36.8°C vs 37.2°C, respectively; P = 0.045). However, there were no significant differences in mortality, morbidity, βDG levels, white blood cell count, and C-reactive protein levels between

the two groups. Pre-emptive antifungal treatment based on βDG after gastric surgery in elderly patients may help reduce the incidence of postoperative fever and suppress IFI. However, this needs to be confirmed in a larger prospective randomized, controlled trial. “
“MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are well-known regulators of proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation and are recognized to play an important role in the development of cancers. Here we aimed to identify the functional contribution of miRNAs to the Navitoclax biology of hepatoblastoma (HB), the most common malignant liver tumor in childhood. As overexpression of the oncogene PLAG1 (pleomorphic adenoma gene 1) is a characteristic phenomenon in HB, we used RNA interference and subsequent miRNA array analysis to identify miR-492 as most strongly influenced by PLAG1. We provide novel experimental evidence that miR-492 can originate from the coding sequence of the HB marker gene keratin 19 (KRT19). In agreement with these in vitro observations, significantly elevated levels of coexpressed KRT19 and miR-492

were particularly found in metastatic HB tumor samples. Stable overexpression of miR-492 in HB cell clones served to identify a broad range of differentially expressed transcripts, including several candidate targets of miR-492 MCE公司 predicted by computational algorithms. Among those the liver enzyme BAAT showed significant association with miR-492 expression in HB tumor samples. Conclusion: A close functional relationship between KRT19 and miR-492 was identified that may play an important role in the progression of malignant embryonal liver tumors. Additionally, miR-492 and its associated targets might serve as new HB biomarkers of clinical utility and could assist to explore targeted therapies, especially in metastatic HB with a poor prognosis. (HEPATOLOGY 2011) Hepatoblastoma (HB) is the most common primary liver neoplasia in childhood.

We ABT-199 solubility dmso expect a surge in clinical trials evaluating medical therapy in PLD in the coming years. We have to bear in mind that the costs of these treatments are considerable. In the Netherlands, 1 injection with 40 mg octreotide LAR costs € 2092 ($2940), while the costs for 1 injection longacting lanreotide (120 mg) are € 1983 ($2787). Future directions include identifying other targets and determining whether a combination of drugs which act on different pathways

may have a synergistic effect on volume reduction. Given the modest effect of the drugs in clinical trials, the uncertainty as to who will respond, how long treatment should continue, and the expense involved, it is clear that the somatostatin analogs should not be used outside of clinical trials. It is paramount that future studies in this field use consistent selection criteria and define their outcome measures. The field is in clear need of studies that determine efficacy of the various therapeutic options in terms of objective symptom relief and/or reduction in liver volume measured by CT or MRI. Ultimately these efforts should lead to a clearer understanding of the efficacy of therapeutic options so that the treatment recommendations may be individualized. The authors thank the following persons from the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology,

Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Center, The Netherlands: Rianne Wauters for librarian help, Drs. Jannes Woudenberg and Loes van Keimpema MDV3100 for expert advice, and Bjorn van Heumen for

statistical help. Additional supporting information may be found in the online version of this article. “
“Celiac disease is a systemic autoimmune disease triggered by ingestion of gluten and similar proteins found in wheat, rye, barley and related grains. Celiac disease is characterized by MCE公司 inflammatory injury to the small intestinal mucosa with clinical and histological improvement after dietary gluten withdrawal. Celiac disease is one of the most common autoimmune and gastrointestinal disorders affecting approximately 1% of the population in many regions of the world. Celiac disease can present in many ways including asymptomatic enteropathy, severe diarrhea requiring hospitalization and mild chronic symptoms with varying degrees of nutritional deficiencies. Extraintestinal manifestations of celiac disease such as osteoporosis or neurological disorders are increasingly recognized. Serologic testing with IgA anti-tissue transglutaminase (IgA-TTG) is sensitive and specific; however biopsy of the small intestine remains the diagnostic gold standard. Treatment consists of lifelong adherence to a balanced gluten-free diet. “
“Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), the most common mesenchymal tumors of the digestive tract with potential for malignant transformation, are mainly treated by open surgery or laparoscopic resection.

We Torin 1 expect a surge in clinical trials evaluating medical therapy in PLD in the coming years. We have to bear in mind that the costs of these treatments are considerable. In the Netherlands, 1 injection with 40 mg octreotide LAR costs € 2092 ($2940), while the costs for 1 injection longacting lanreotide (120 mg) are € 1983 ($2787). Future directions include identifying other targets and determining whether a combination of drugs which act on different pathways

may have a synergistic effect on volume reduction. Given the modest effect of the drugs in clinical trials, the uncertainty as to who will respond, how long treatment should continue, and the expense involved, it is clear that the somatostatin analogs should not be used outside of clinical trials. It is paramount that future studies in this field use consistent selection criteria and define their outcome measures. The field is in clear need of studies that determine efficacy of the various therapeutic options in terms of objective symptom relief and/or reduction in liver volume measured by CT or MRI. Ultimately these efforts should lead to a clearer understanding of the efficacy of therapeutic options so that the treatment recommendations may be individualized. The authors thank the following persons from the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology,

Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Center, The Netherlands: Rianne Wauters for librarian help, Drs. Jannes Woudenberg and Loes van Keimpema LEE011 solubility dmso for expert advice, and Bjorn van Heumen for

statistical help. Additional supporting information may be found in the online version of this article. “
“Celiac disease is a systemic autoimmune disease triggered by ingestion of gluten and similar proteins found in wheat, rye, barley and related grains. Celiac disease is characterized by MCE公司 inflammatory injury to the small intestinal mucosa with clinical and histological improvement after dietary gluten withdrawal. Celiac disease is one of the most common autoimmune and gastrointestinal disorders affecting approximately 1% of the population in many regions of the world. Celiac disease can present in many ways including asymptomatic enteropathy, severe diarrhea requiring hospitalization and mild chronic symptoms with varying degrees of nutritional deficiencies. Extraintestinal manifestations of celiac disease such as osteoporosis or neurological disorders are increasingly recognized. Serologic testing with IgA anti-tissue transglutaminase (IgA-TTG) is sensitive and specific; however biopsy of the small intestine remains the diagnostic gold standard. Treatment consists of lifelong adherence to a balanced gluten-free diet. “
“Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), the most common mesenchymal tumors of the digestive tract with potential for malignant transformation, are mainly treated by open surgery or laparoscopic resection.

The purpose of this study is to propose a robotic colonoscopy for patients infected by highly virulent contagious disease or patients in remote site where medical care is not possible. Methods: A slave robot was developed to hold the colonoscopy instead of endoscopist. This slave robot performs insertion, rolling motion, and two steering motions of the distal end of the flexible endoscope. Also a master robot was developed to teach motions of MK-1775 clinical trial the slave robot. In order to provide the endoscopist with haptic feeling, the insertion force and the rotating torque were measured and feedback

to the master robot. Results: The endoscopist performed the master-slave robotic colonoscopy using a colon phantom. One endoscopist and two engineers participated in the robotic colonoscopy. The task completion time was comparable to conventional colonoscopy and gets decreased as they repeat the test. The haptic function was also helpful to feel the constrained force or torque inside colon. Conclusion: This work proposed a robotic approach for colonoscopy and this robotic device would be effective to perform colonoscopy for patients

in remote sites. Key Word(s): 1. see more Robotic colonoscopy; 2. robotics; 3. colonoscopy; 4. minimally invasive therapy Presenting Author: LORD BYRON CORRAL Additional Authors: CAROLINE LIM, EVAN ONG, ALEXANDER UY, JO ANNE KHOW, CHEN PEN LIM, ODESSA BAYANI, ALMIDA REODICA Corresponding Author: LORD BYRON CORRAL Affiliations: Metropolitan Medical Center, Metropolitan Medical Center, Metropolitan Medical Center, Metropolitan Medical Center, Metropolitan Medical Center, Philippine Children’s Medical Center, Philippine Children’s Medical Center Objective: The presence of air bubbles, mucus and foam in

the stomach and duodenum impairs adequate evaluation of the mucosa. This can result in missed lesions, longer endoscopy procedure time and increased patient discomfort. Methods: This was a prospective study conducted at the Metropolitan Medical Center Endoscopy Unit from July to October 2013. Adult patients for upper endoscopy were included. All patients fasted for at least MCE公司 4–6 hours. Patients were consecutively assigned to either Group A: standard fast; Group B: 30 ml of water; and Group C: 30 ml of water plus 1 ml of liquid simethicone. For Groups B and C, all drinks were taken 15–30 minutes before the procedure. During endoscopy, the antrum, the upper gastric body, the lower gastric body, the gastric fundus and the duodenum were evaluated for mucosal visibility using the mucosal visibility score. The volume of water flushed and total procedure time were measured and recorded. Results: A total of 150 patients were included in the study. The gastric and duodenal mucosal visibility was significantly better in the simethicone group (p < 0.001). The volume of water flushed was significantly less in the simethicone group compared with the NPO group (p < 0.05) and the water group (p < 0.01).

Four studies were restricted to patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection25, 29-30, 37 and in five studies patients

with moderate to severe renal dysfunction were excluded.24, 33-35, 40 In most studies daclizumab was used for induction.23-26, 28-30, 32, 34, 38, 40 Concomitant immunosuppressive medication (see Supporting Table 1 for details) included MMF in most studies,24-32, 34, 37-40 prednisolone in all studies, and calcineurin inhibitors, i.e., tacrolimus in 13 studies23-27, 29-32, 34, 36, 38, 40 and cyclosporine A in the remaining five studies.28, 33, 35, 37, 39 One study was divided into two cohorts because of different concomitant immunosuppression.29 Most trials had a follow-up of 12 months or longer, but four trials had a study duration of only 3-6 months.23, 31-32, 39 Table 2 shows the quality assessment of PI3K inhibitor the included studies. Buparlisib cell line The risk of bias is summarized in Supporting Fig. 1. Two studies35, 39 were randomized, double-blinded, and placebo-controlled. Of the remaining 16 studies, 11 were randomized,23-25, 29-30, 33-34, 36-38, 40 three were nonrandomized,27, 28, 31 and whether randomization was performed or not

could not be determined in two studies26, 32 (for the analysis, these studies were assumed to be nonrandomized). All studies were entirely prospective except for one trial27 in which a prospective experimental group was compared to historical controls. Of the randomized trials, allocation concealment was found to be adequate in four trials.24, 33-35 In seven study reports26-28, 32, 36, 37, 40 the patient population for the statistical analysis was not clearly defined. ITT analysis was stated and performed in two studies,30, 33 and we assumed ITT analysis in three studies25, 31, 39 because the authors report on all patients at the end of the study. Four authors23, 24, 35,

34 defined patient subsets (e.g., “modified ITT” or “full analysis set”) for the primary analysis and, for example, excluded patients that did not receive any study medication or patients that did not have any follow-up. One author did not perform ITT analysis and did not state the reasons for exclusions of patients from the analysis.29 Most authors23, 25-28, 31-32, 35-39 did also not state how missing values were handled. Available case analysis for continuous variables was MCE evident from three studies24, 40, 29 and imputation by last-observation-carried forward was reported in three other studies.30, 33, 34 Reduction of acute rejection favored the use of IL-2Ra (RR 0.84; CI 0.76-0.94; P = 0.002; 19 trials/cohorts) and the effect is seen in randomized and nonrandomized studies (Fig. 2). Stratifying trials by time of measurement showed a significant reduction of acute rejection with IL-2Ra at 12 months or later (RR 0.83; CI 0.74-0.94; P = 0.004; 14 trials/cohorts) but not at 3-6 months (Supporting Fig. 2), although this study-level covariate was not significant in the meta-regression (P = 0.76, Table 3).

Four studies were restricted to patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection25, 29-30, 37 and in five studies patients

with moderate to severe renal dysfunction were excluded.24, 33-35, 40 In most studies daclizumab was used for induction.23-26, 28-30, 32, 34, 38, 40 Concomitant immunosuppressive medication (see Supporting Table 1 for details) included MMF in most studies,24-32, 34, 37-40 prednisolone in all studies, and calcineurin inhibitors, i.e., tacrolimus in 13 studies23-27, 29-32, 34, 36, 38, 40 and cyclosporine A in the remaining five studies.28, 33, 35, 37, 39 One study was divided into two cohorts because of different concomitant immunosuppression.29 Most trials had a follow-up of 12 months or longer, but four trials had a study duration of only 3-6 months.23, 31-32, 39 Table 2 shows the quality assessment of Tigecycline mouse the included studies. PLX4032 cost The risk of bias is summarized in Supporting Fig. 1. Two studies35, 39 were randomized, double-blinded, and placebo-controlled. Of the remaining 16 studies, 11 were randomized,23-25, 29-30, 33-34, 36-38, 40 three were nonrandomized,27, 28, 31 and whether randomization was performed or not

could not be determined in two studies26, 32 (for the analysis, these studies were assumed to be nonrandomized). All studies were entirely prospective except for one trial27 in which a prospective experimental group was compared to historical controls. Of the randomized trials, allocation concealment was found to be adequate in four trials.24, 33-35 In seven study reports26-28, 32, 36, 37, 40 the patient population for the statistical analysis was not clearly defined. ITT analysis was stated and performed in two studies,30, 33 and we assumed ITT analysis in three studies25, 31, 39 because the authors report on all patients at the end of the study. Four authors23, 24, 35,

34 defined patient subsets (e.g., “modified ITT” or “full analysis set”) for the primary analysis and, for example, excluded patients that did not receive any study medication or patients that did not have any follow-up. One author did not perform ITT analysis and did not state the reasons for exclusions of patients from the analysis.29 Most authors23, 25-28, 31-32, 35-39 did also not state how missing values were handled. Available case analysis for continuous variables was MCE evident from three studies24, 40, 29 and imputation by last-observation-carried forward was reported in three other studies.30, 33, 34 Reduction of acute rejection favored the use of IL-2Ra (RR 0.84; CI 0.76-0.94; P = 0.002; 19 trials/cohorts) and the effect is seen in randomized and nonrandomized studies (Fig. 2). Stratifying trials by time of measurement showed a significant reduction of acute rejection with IL-2Ra at 12 months or later (RR 0.83; CI 0.74-0.94; P = 0.004; 14 trials/cohorts) but not at 3-6 months (Supporting Fig. 2), although this study-level covariate was not significant in the meta-regression (P = 0.76, Table 3).

were able to show the dependence of the synesthetic percept from relatively

late perceptual integration processes. In contrast with the study of Bargary et al., we focused on the overall proportion of audiovisual fusions in the McGurk experiment. In the second experiment, speech comprehension in a noisy environment was analysed. Varying the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the auditory input, it has been shown that even normal non-hearing impaired comprehenders take advantage from concurrent visual input. Also, an SNR can be found for which comprehension benefits most from the visual information (Ross, Saint-Amour, Leavitt, Javitt, & Foxe, 2007). Here, we tested whether synesthetes and controls benefit similarly from visual information during the perception of speech in a noisy environment. We predicted that if synesthetes have a generally overactive binding mechanism, they should report more fused syllables in the selleck screening library illusion experiment and outperform controls in the speech comprehension task. If, on the other hand, binding is restricted to the inducer–concurrent pairing, no differences should be observed in both experiments. All procedures had been approved

by the local Ethics Committee. All subjects gave informed consent and participated for a small monetary compensation. Participants were matched for age and gender. We divided our subjects into groups depending on the self-reported synesthetic experience. After an extensive interview, all Autophagy Compound Library price synesthetes were classified by self-reported localization of concurrent perception as ‘associators’ MCE公司 according to Dixon, Smilek, and Merikle (2004), that is, perceiving the synesthetic sensations in their ‘mind’s

eye’. In addition, our subjects were characterized by a modified offline version of the synesthesia battery (Eagleman, Kagan, Nelson, Sagaram, & Sarma, 2007) in which subjects have to indicate a colour related both to the presentation of tones of different instruments and different pitches and to the presentation of letters from A–Z and the numbers from 0 to 9. Control subjects were tested with the complete battery, whereas synesthesia subjects were tested only on those parts of the battery relevant for their self-reported inducer–concurrent pair (subjects showing both grapheme-colour and auditory-visual synesthesia performed on the corresponding parts of the battery). Thus, synesthetes were asked to choose the colour which matched their experienced synesthetic colour induced by the tone (letter, number) best and non-synesthetes were asked to select the colour which they thought to fit best to the presented item. After three presentations of the stimuli in a randomized order, the geometric distance in RGB (red, green, blue) colour space, indicated by the subject’s colour choices for each item during the three runs, was calculated. The mean values were then compared between groups.

were able to show the dependence of the synesthetic percept from relatively

late perceptual integration processes. In contrast with the study of Bargary et al., we focused on the overall proportion of audiovisual fusions in the McGurk experiment. In the second experiment, speech comprehension in a noisy environment was analysed. Varying the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the auditory input, it has been shown that even normal non-hearing impaired comprehenders take advantage from concurrent visual input. Also, an SNR can be found for which comprehension benefits most from the visual information (Ross, Saint-Amour, Leavitt, Javitt, & Foxe, 2007). Here, we tested whether synesthetes and controls benefit similarly from visual information during the perception of speech in a noisy environment. We predicted that if synesthetes have a generally overactive binding mechanism, they should report more fused syllables in the Stem Cell Compound Library purchase illusion experiment and outperform controls in the speech comprehension task. If, on the other hand, binding is restricted to the inducer–concurrent pairing, no differences should be observed in both experiments. All procedures had been approved

by the local Ethics Committee. All subjects gave informed consent and participated for a small monetary compensation. Participants were matched for age and gender. We divided our subjects into groups depending on the self-reported synesthetic experience. After an extensive interview, all MI-503 cell line synesthetes were classified by self-reported localization of concurrent perception as ‘associators’ MCE公司 according to Dixon, Smilek, and Merikle (2004), that is, perceiving the synesthetic sensations in their ‘mind’s

eye’. In addition, our subjects were characterized by a modified offline version of the synesthesia battery (Eagleman, Kagan, Nelson, Sagaram, & Sarma, 2007) in which subjects have to indicate a colour related both to the presentation of tones of different instruments and different pitches and to the presentation of letters from A–Z and the numbers from 0 to 9. Control subjects were tested with the complete battery, whereas synesthesia subjects were tested only on those parts of the battery relevant for their self-reported inducer–concurrent pair (subjects showing both grapheme-colour and auditory-visual synesthesia performed on the corresponding parts of the battery). Thus, synesthetes were asked to choose the colour which matched their experienced synesthetic colour induced by the tone (letter, number) best and non-synesthetes were asked to select the colour which they thought to fit best to the presented item. After three presentations of the stimuli in a randomized order, the geometric distance in RGB (red, green, blue) colour space, indicated by the subject’s colour choices for each item during the three runs, was calculated. The mean values were then compared between groups.