7%)     Histology     5.623 0.131 Papillary adenocarcinoma 26 (89.7%) 3 (10.3%)     Tubular adenocarcinoma 317 (72.2%) 122 (27.8%)     Mucinous adenocarcinoma 29 (78.4%) 8 (21.6%)     Signet-ring cell carcinoma 66 (68.8%) 30 (31.2%)     Histologic differentiation     7.67 0.053

Well 17 (100%) 0 (0.0%)     Moderately 129 (73.7%) 46 (26.3%)     Poorly 290 (71.3%) 117 (28.7%)     Others 2 (100.0%) 0 (0.0%)     Invasion depth     46.55 0.0001 T1 72 (90.0%) 8 (10.0%)     T2 123 (87.2%) 18 (12.8%)     T3 222 (65.7%) 116 (34.3%)     T4 21 (50.0%) 21 (50.0%)     TNM stages     85.48 0.0001 GSK2118436 I 119 (93.7%) 8 (6.3%)     II 121 (89.6%) 14 (10.4%)     III 141 (61.0%) 90 (39.0%)     IV 57 (52.8%) 51 (47.2%)     Lymphatic metastasis     43.59 0.0001 No 195 (88.6%) 25 (11.4%)     Yes 243 (63.8%) 138 (36.2%)     Regional lymph nodes     59.62 0.0001 PN0 195 (88.6%) 25 (11.4%)     PN1 142 (71.7%) 56 (28.3%)     PN2 79 (58.5%) 56 (41.5%)     PN3 22 (45.8%) 26 (54.2%)     Distant metastasis ACP-196 clinical trial     15.376 0.0001 No 387 (75.9%) 123 (24.1%)     Yes 51 (56.0%) 40 (44.0%)     Expression of EPCAM correlated with age, tumor location, tumor size, Lauren’s classification, depth of invasion, lymph node and distant metastases, regional lymph node stage and TNM stage (P < 0.05). Table 2 Relationship of EPCAM expression with pathological parameters of tumor Clinical parameters EPCAM   Low High t/χ2/r P Age(yrs) 56.85 ± 11.4 61.51 ± 12.22 4.787 0.0001 Gender     0.805 0.370 Male 257 (60.0%) 171 (40.0%)     Female 97 (56.1%) 76 (43.9%)     Location     10.37 0.006

Proximal 37 (44.0%) 47 (56.0%)     Middle 130 (58.3%) 93 (41.7%)     Distal 187 (63.6%) 107 this website (36.4%)     Size     40.47 0.0001 <5 cm 244 (69.7%) 106 (30.3%)     ≥5 cm 110 (43.8%) 141 (56.2%)     Lauren classification     198.1 0.0001 Intestinal 261 (87.3%) 38 (12.7%)     Diffuse 93 (30.8%) 209 (69.2%)     Histology     3.136 0.371 Papillary adenocarcinoma 20 (69.0%) 9 (31.0%)     Tubular adenocarcinoma 254 (57.9%) 185 (42.1%)     Mucinous adenocarcinoma 19 (51.4%) 18 (48.6%)     Signet-ring cell carcinoma 61 (63.5%) 35 (36.5%)     Histologic differentiation     6.323 0.097 Well 12 (70.6%) 5 (29.4%)     Moderately 113 (64.6%) 62 (35.4%)     Poorly 227 (55.8%) 180 (44.2%)     Others 2 (100.0%) 0 (0.0%)     Invasion depth     107.1 0.0001 T1 73 (91.2%) 7 (8.8%)     T2 113 (80.1%) 28 (19.9%)     T3 160 (47.3%) 178 (52.7%)     T4 8 (19.0%) 34 (81.0%)     TNM stages     201.6 0.0001 I 119 (93.7%) 8 (6.3%)     II 116 (85.9%) 19 (14.1%)     III 99 (42.9%) 132 (57.1%)     IV 20 (18.5%) 88 (81.5%)     Lymphatic metastasis     119.1 0.0001 No 193 (87.7%) 27 (12.3%)     Yes 161 (42.3%) 220 (57.5%)     Regional lymph nodes     182.6 0.0001 PN0 193 (87.7%) 27 (12.3%)     PN1 118 (59.6%) 80 (40.4%)     PN2 42 (31.1%) 93 (68.9%)     PN3 1 (2.1%) 47 (97.9%)     Distant metastasis     53.42 0.0001 No 332 (65.1%) 178 (34.

Nonparametric data were evaluated with the Kruskal–Wallis’ analysis of variance. Significance was determined at p < 0.05. Statistical analysis was performed using STATISTICA 6.1 for Windows. Acknowledgments The work was supported by the Medical University of Silesia (Grant KNW-1-006/P/2/0). selleck chemicals Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the

source are credited. References Part CXXXVIII in the series of Azinyl Sulfides Aaron JJ, Gaye Seye MD, Trajkovska S, Motohashi N (2009) Bioactive Phenothiazines and Benzo[a]phenothiazines: spectroscopic studies and biological and biomedical properties and applications. Topics in Heterocyclic Chemistry, vol 16. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp 153–231 Dasgupta A,

Dastridara SG, Shirataki Y, Motohashi N (2008) Antibacterial activity of artificial phenothiazines and isoflavones from plants. Topics in Heterocyclic Chemistry, vol 15. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp 67–132 Espevik T, Nissen-Meyer J (1986) A highly sensitive cell line WEHI 164 clone 13, for measuring cytotoxic factor/tumor necrosis factor from human monocytes. J Immunol Methods 95:99–103PubMedCrossRef Guadagni Selleck EPZ015938 F, Ferroni P, Palmirotta R, Portarena I, Formica V, Roselli M (2007) Review. TNF/VEGF cross-talk in chronic inflammation-related cancer initiation and progression: an early target in anticancer therapeutic strategy. In Vivo 21:147–161PubMed Gupta RR, Kumar M (1988) Synthesis, properties and reactions of phenothiazines. In: Gupta RR (ed) Phenothiazines and 1,4-benzothiazines: chemical and biological aspects. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 1–161 Hansen MB, Nielsen SE, Berg K (1989) Reexamination and further development of a precise and rapid dye method for

measuring cell growth/cell kill. J Immunol Methods 119:203–210PubMedCrossRef Kopp E, Strell M (1962) Über 2,7-Diazaphenothiazin. Reaktionen in der pyridinreihe. Arch Pharm 295:99–107 Kopp E, Strell M, Janson R (1963) Verfahren zur Methisazone Herstellung von 2,7-Diazaphenothiazinen. German Patent DE 1(147):235 Maki Y (1957) Sulfur-containing pyridine derivatives. Smiles rearrangement in pyridine derivatives and synthesis of azaphenothiazine derivatives. Yakugaku Zasshi 77:485–490 Morak B, Pluta K (2007) Synthesis of novel dipyrido-1,4-thiazines. Heterocycles 71:1347–1361CrossRef Morak B, Pluta K, Suwinska K (2002) Unexpected simple route to novel dipyrido-1,4-thiazines. Heterocycl Commun 8:331–334CrossRef Morak-Młodawska B, Pluta K, Matralis AN, Kourounakis AP (2010) Antioxidant activity of newly synthesized 2,7-diazaphenothiazines. Archiv Pharm Chem Life Sci 343:268–273 Morak-Młodawska B, Suwińska K, Pluta K, Jeleń M (2012) 10-(3′-Nitro-4′-pyridyl)-1,8-diazaphenothiazine as the double Smiles rearrangement.

13ZZ053), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, the Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project (grant no. B603), and the Program of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities (grant no. 111-2-04). References 1. Gratzel M: Photoelectrochemical cells. Nature 2001, 414:338–344.CrossRef 2. Peng KQ, Wang X, Li L, Wu XL, Lee ST: High-performance silicon nanohole solar cells. J Am Chem Soc 2010, 132:6872–6873.CrossRef 3. Jackson P, Hariskos D, Lotter E, Paetel S, Wuerz R, Menner R, Wischmann W, Powalla M: New world record efficiency for Cu (In, Ga)Se 2 thin-film solar cells beyond 20%. Prog Photovolt Res Appl 2011, 19:894–897.CrossRef 4. Tang M, Tian

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0) taking the expected 63 tablets over three cycles. 4 Discussion The aim of this crossover study was to examine the impact of the novel Bayer patch and a COC on prothrombin fragments 1 + 2 and d-dimer in healthy women over two treatment periods, each comprising three treatment cycles. The aforementioned hemostasis parameters were selected because they Proteasome inhibitor are sensitive indicators of coagulation and fibrinolysis activation; the comparator COC was chosen as a gold-standard, reference monophasic COC to comply with the European

Medicines Agency Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use guideline on clinical investigation of steroid contraceptives in women, which states that a product containing levonorgestrel and EE (150/30 μg) or desogestrel and EE (150/30 μg) is appropriate as a comparator where VTE risk has been established in observational studies [18]. While prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 levels were stable (first treatment period) or slightly increased (second treatment selleck chemical period) in response to both treatments, increases in d-dimer were observed under both treatments and in both treatment periods; however, the differences in the changes between treatment groups were neither statistically nor clinically significant. The observed increase for d-dimer in both treatment periods, and for

prothrombin fragments 1 + 2 in the second period, implies that the overall balance between the different factors influencing hemostasis was maintained on an increased level. With regard to changes in the secondary hemostasis parameters, both treatments showed a slight increase in activation marker levels; however, in most cases, these increased values did not exceed their upper reference limits. There were no, or minimal, changes in (pro)coagulatory factors with either treatment, except for Factor VII activity, which increased in both treatment periods with the novel Bayer patch. In both treatment sequences, the balance of the coagulatory system appeared to be maintained

at an increased level for both the pro- and the anti-coagulatory parameters. This is consistent with an increase in fibrin turnover. It is difficult to correlate changes in individual hemostasis parameters with the clinical endpoint of VTE. Comparative pharmacodynamics data may indicate possible differences between products, but there are no generally accepted surrogate Demeclocycline endpoints for the risk of VTE [18]. As expected, the evaluation of both the primary and secondary parameters in this study shows that individual hemostasis parameters are changed by both treatments. This has been well-documented for other low-dose combined hormonal contraceptives [26–28]. Overall, the simultaneous changes in pro- and anti-coagulatory parameters seen in this study do not suggest a difference in VTE rate for the novel Bayer patch compared with currently marketed low-dose COCs. The profile of adverse events recorded during the course of the study indicated that both treatments were well-tolerated.

Mol Microbiol 2003,48(6):1511–1524.PubMedCrossRef 27. Barken KB, Pamp SJ, Yang L, Gjermansen M, Bertrand JJ, Klausen M, Givskov M, Whitchurch CB, Engel JN, Tolker-Nielsen T: Roles of type IV pili, flagellum-mediated motility and extracellular DNA in the formation of mature multicellular structures in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Environ Microbiol 2008,10(9):2331–2343.PubMedCrossRef 28. Ruer S, Stender S, Filloux A, de Bentzmann S: Assembly of fimbrial structures in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: functionality and specificity of chaperone-usher machineries. J Bacteriol 2007,189(9):3547–3555.PubMedCrossRef 29. Giraud C, Bernard CS, Calderon V, Yang L, Filloux A, Molin S, Fichant

G, Bordi buy ICG-001 C, de Bentzmann S: The PprA-PprB two-component system activates CupE, the first non-archetypal Pseudomonas

aeruginosa chaperone-usher pathway system assembling fimbriae. Environ Microbiol 2011,13(3):666–683.PubMedCrossRef 30. Garrett ES, Perlegas D, Wozniak DJ: Negative control of flagellum synthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa is modulated by the alternative sigma factor AlgT (AlgU). J Bacteriol 1999,181(23):7401–7404.PubMed 31. Tart AH, Wolfgang MC, Wozniak DJ: The alternative sigma factor AlgT represses Pseudomonas aeruginosa flagellum biosynthesis by inhibiting expression of fleQ. J Bacteriol 2005,187(23):7955–7962.PubMedCrossRef 32. Tart AH, Blanks MJ, Wozniak DJ: The AlgT-dependent transcriptional regulator AmrZ (AlgZ) inhibits flagellum biosynthesis in mucoid, nonmotile Pseudomonas aeruginosa cystic Tipifarnib purchase fibrosis isolates. J Bacteriol 2006,188(18):6483–6489.PubMedCrossRef 33. Liu Y, Yang L, Molin S: Synergistic activities of an efflux pump inhibitor and iron chelators against Pseudomonas aeruginosa growth and biofilm formation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010,54(9):3960–3963.PubMedCrossRef 34. Wu HY, Zhang XL, Pan Q, Wu J: Functional selection of a type IV pili-binding peptide that specifically inhibits

Salmonella Typhi adhesion to/invasion of human monocytic cells. Peptides 2005,26(11):2057–2063.PubMedCrossRef below 35. Holloway BW, Morgan AF: Genome organization in Pseudomonas. Annu Rev Microbiol 1986, 40:79–105.PubMedCrossRef Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions LY (Lei) carried out the first batch of microarray studies. MR carried out the second batch of microarray studies. LY (Liang) carried out the microarray data analysis and wrote the manuscript. NH provided the strains for the study. SM and LJ participated in the design of the study and helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Nontypeable (non encapsulated) Haemophilus influenzae is an exclusively human pathogen whose primary ecological niche is the human respiratory tract. H.

Molar AZD3965 cost excess volumes vs. molar fraction for different EG nanofluids at 303.15 K and 20 MPa. Filled circle, A-TiO2/EG; filled triangle, R-TiO2/EG; empty triangle, Fe3O4/EG [38]; empty diamond, Fe2O3/EG [38]; empty circle, (48-nm ZnO)/EG [39]; empty square, (4.6-nm ZnO)/EG [39]. Rheological behavior As pointed out, only a reduced number of studies about the rheological behavior of nanofluids can be found in the literature, and there are inconsistencies such as Newtonian and non-Newtonian behaviors reported for the same nanofluid as well as discrepancies in the effects of temperature, particle size, and shape, and high shear viscosity values [40–44]. In this context,

a key issue is to obtain nanofluid structural information, and one of the feasible methods is through detailed rheological analyses [45]. In this work, two types of studies have been carried out. Viscosity as a function of shear rate, the so-called flow curve, was determined for both nanofluids at 303.15 K and at five different mass concentrations (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 wt.%). selleck screening library The applied torques started from 0.1 μNm, covering

shear rate ranges from 0.1 to 1,000 s−1. Figure 6a,b shows these flow curves for both nanofluids at different concentrations. Unlike the base fluid, both sets of nanofluids present a clear shear thinning (pseudoplastic) non-Newtonian behavior. In the lowest shear rate region, Newtonian plateaus are easily identified as the concentration rises. This non-Newtonian behavior opposes that reported previously by Chen et al. [14] that studied EG-based nanofluids containing 0.5 to 8.0 wt.% spherical TiO2 nanoparticles. Chen et al. [14] affirmed that a Newtonian behavior is found at a shear rate higher than 0.05 s−1. It should be taken into account

that our viscosity results for Newtonian EG agree with those of Chen et al. [14] within an average deviation of 1.5% [32]. The controversies found in the literature Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase on rheological studies indicate that the specific properties of the nanoparticles such as shape, structure, and size, and the interaction between the base liquid and nanoparticles can play an essential role in determining the rheological behavior of nanofluids. However, in this case, the main reasons of the different rheological behavior on TiO2/EG nanofluids may be attributed to the following: (1) the range of nanoparticle concentration studied by Chen et al. [14] (<8 wt.%) is lower than those analyzed in this work (<25 wt.%), (2) the range of shear stress studied in this work covers a wider area, and it is here where shear thinning appears, (3) the minimum shear rate which the equipment can reach is decisive to determine the first Newtonian plateau, especially at low nanoparticle concentration, and finally (4) the different stability and aggregation of particles affect flow conditions because the effective mass concentration can be higher than the actual solid mass. Figure 6 Viscosity ( η ) vs. shear rate ( ) of EG/TiO 2 nanofluids at different concentrations.

As shown in Table 1, multivariate risk analysis showed that only MLR is an independent prognostic factor. Patients with a higher MLR suffered a higher death risk (RR = 2.801,

P = 0.000, 95% CI: 1.680 – 4.668)(Table 2). Figure 2 Survival curves of patients in different MLR groups. Table 1 Influence of clinicopathological characteristics on the prognosis in 121 gastric adenocarcinoma patients. Characteristics Samples Five-year survival (%) Log-rank (X 2 value) P value Gender (male/female) 77/44 35.5/49.5 0.527 0.468 Lauren type            Intestinal type 109 46.1 6.322 0.012    Diffuse type 12 0     Type of histology            1–2 75 40.5 0.000 0.990    3 46 40.0     Lymphatic vessel invasion      

     Negative 54 60.6 14.199 0.000    Positive 67 18.3     Blood vessel invasion            Negative 100 43.7 13.455 0.000    Positive 21 28.8     Lymph nodes metastasis            Negative AMN-107 purchase 44 79.0 24.919 0.000    Positive 77 13.0     Depth of invasion            T1 18 94.1 25.835 0.000    T2 31 56.0        T3 31 36.7        T4 41 0     N stage (UICC)            N0 43 78.9 34.320 0.000    N1 44 22.1        N2 24 0        N3 10 0     N stage (JRSGC)            N0 42 78.9 38.976 0.000    N1 38 12.6 Histone Acetyltransferase inhibitor        N2 31 16.4        N3 10 0     MLR            MLR1 43 78.9 36.575 0.000    MLR2 20 32.7        MLR3 58 0     Table 2 Multivariate risk analysis of 121 gastric adenocarcinoma patients. Characteristics B S.E. Wald df Sig. Exp (B) 95.0%(CI)) Lauren type 0.901 0.439 4.218 1 0.04 2.462 1.042 – 5.819 Depth of invasion 0.684 0.223 9.397 1 0.002 1.981 1.280 – 3.067 MLR 1.030 0.261 15.610 1 0.000 2.801 1.680 – 4.668 Correlation between MLR and N stage in gastric adenocarcinoma As shown in Table 3, patients with the same

N stage may be in different MLR groups. Moreover, in N2 stage (JRSGC classification), differences in the patients’ prognosis were seen among the different MLR groups (X 2 = 4.372, P = 0.037) (Figure 3A). Similarly, in N1 stage (UICC classification), differences were also observed (X 2 = 4.320, P = 0.038) (Figure 3B). Figure 3 Survival curves in patients with the same N stage, but in different MLR groups. A. N2 stage (JRSGC classification); B. N1 (UICC classification). Table 3 Correlation between MLR and N stage in gastric adenocarcinoma. oxyclozanide     MLR groups [n (%)]     MLR groups [n (%)] N stage (UICC) Samples MLR1 MLR2 MLR3 N stage (JRSGC) Samples MLR1 MLR2 MLR3 N0 43 43(100)     N0 43 43(100)     N1 44   19(43.2) 25(56.8) N1 38   16(42.1) 22(57.9) N2 24   1(4.2) 23(95.8) N2 30   4(13.3) 26(86.7) N3 10     10(100) N3 10     10(100) Effects of lymph node micrometastasis on the MLR in gastric adenocarcinoma Lymph node micrometastasis was identified as a metastatic focus ranging from 0.2 to 2 mm in diameter and was mainly located at the marginal sinus with a nonclustered or clustered distribution. Occasionally, some were also observed at the medulla or cortex.

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Due to chemical etching, the surface energy is reduced [11] and the surface geometry is reconstructed [12]. Both sides will be conducive to the enhancement of intrinsic hydrophobic surface.

Local surface roughness is considered relevant to surface hydrophobicity [13]. We can use different chemical and physical approaches, such as nanocoating materials [14], femtosecond laser irradiation [15], photolithography [16, 17], etc., to modify surfaces, leading to the enhancement of surface hydrophobicity. Usually, selleck products these methods are complicated. In this paper, we report a hydrophobic property of black silicon surface. The micro- and nanospikes are prepared by metal-assisted wet chemical etching, without any complex nanomaterial coating deposition. Methods N-type single-crystal silicon wafers (100) with a resistivity of 6 to 8 Ω cm were cleaned by RCA standard cleaning procedure with each step for 15 min. After cleaning, the wafers were etched with HF in order to remove the unwanted native oxide layer. In the following step, the wafers were etched in

a mixed solution containing H2O2, C2H5OH, H2O, HF, and HAuCl4 with a typical ratio of 10:4:4:2:1, resulting in pores. This treatment occurred at room temperature for 8 min. As a control, one beaker (marked as A) was placed in a digital constant temperature water bath (HH-2, Guohua Electric Devices, Changzhou, China) and set at room temperature. The other (marked as B) was laid in a heat collection-constant temperature type magnetic stirrer (HCCT-MS; DF-101S, Wuhan, Sensedawn Selleck PLX3397 Science &Technology, Wuhan, China) at the same temperature. The samples in the beakers were correspondingly signed as A and B. The morphology of the textured silicon was characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM; JSM-5900 Lv, JEOL, Tokyo, Japan). An atomic force microscope (AFM; SPA-400 SPM UNIT, DAE HWA NI Tech, Pyeongtaek-si, South Korea) was used to characterize the topology of the black silicon in tapping mode. A UV-visible-near-infrared (UV–vis-NIR) spectrophotometer (UV-3600, Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan) with an integrating sphere detector was used to measure the total (specular and diffuse) reflectance (R) and transmittance (T). The static contact

angles (CAs) were measured by capturing images of deionized water droplets using a drop shape Molecular motor analysis system, referred to as a sessile drop method. With a software equipped with an optical contact angle measuring instrument (OCAH200, Data Physics Instruments, Filderstadt, Germany), the CA values between the tangent of the drop and the horizontal plane at the point of contact with the black silicon surface were calculated. The mean value was calculated from at least four individual measurements, and each individual measurement contains independent values of the left and right contact angles. Results and discussion In the metal-assisted chemical etching procedure, the Si substrate is subjected to an etchant, which is composed of HF and H2O2 compound.

55 × 107 4.35 × 107 4.0 × 107 6.25 × 106 2.0 × 105 Zn (NO3)2 9.65 × 107 9.15 × 107 8.9 × 107 8.3 × 107 1.01 × 107 2.6 × 105 6.0 × 102 ZnCl2   7.35 × 104 5.6 × 104 2.0 × 104 3.5 × 103 1.9 × 103 1.7 × 102 34 The initial bacterial colony count is 9.9 × 105 CFU/mL. SEM characterization of E. coli and S. aureus cells Figures 6 and 7 show the SEM images of the bacterium before and after treatment with the titanium-doped ZnO powders. In control samples, the E. coli cell walls are rough and intact (Figure 6a). However, after being treated with the titanium-doped ZnO

powders, the morphologies of E. coli cells show changes in varying Nutlin-3a chemical structure degrees. Figure 6b,c shows that the E. coli cells are damaged slightly after treatment with the ZnO powders prepared from zinc acetate and zinc sulfate. By comparison, the E. coli cells

are damaged seriously when treated by powders synthesized from zinc nitrate (Figure 6d), and the E. coli cells are damaged most seriously being treated by the powders Wortmannin synthesized from zinc chloride (Figure 6e). As shown in Figure 7a, the S. aureus cells exhibit well-preserved cell walls. After treatment with titanium-doped ZnO powders synthesized from zinc acetate and zinc sulfate, the crinkling of the S. aureus cell walls appeared (Figure 7b,c). However, after being treated with the powders synthesized from zinc nitrate, the S. aureus cell walls are damaged into honeycomb (Figure 7d). It is obvious that the effect of the powders synthesized from zinc chloride is the most drastic, and S. aureus cells are ruptured (Figure 7e). Figure 6 SEM images of E. coli cells before and after treatment by titanium-doped ZnO powders. (a) Control, (b) zinc acetate, (c) zinc sulfate, (d) zinc nitrate, and (e) zinc chloride. Figure 7 SEM images of S. aureus cells before and after treatment by titanium-doped ZnO powders. (a) Control, (b) zinc acetate, (c) zinc sulfate, (d) zinc nitrate, and (e) zinc chloride. From what

is mentioned above, we can reach the conclusion that the extent of damage to E. coli and S. aureus cells is positively related to the antibacterial properties of titanium-doped ZnO powders (Tables 1 and 2). Moreover, many powders are attached to the bacterial cells’ surfaces, and the energy-dispersive spectrometer results (Additional file 1) demonstrate that they are titanium-doped ZnO particles (yellow circles in Figures 6 and 7 correspond Ergoloid to the EDS spectra in Additional file 1 in sequence). The electrical conductivity of bacterial suspension before and after treatment Figure 8 shows the electrical conductance changing trend of the E. coli and S. aureus suspension treated with titanium-doped ZnO powders synthesized from different zinc salts with different times. The results show that the electrical conductance of the control bacterial suspension is nearly unchanged. However, the electrical conductance of the bacterial suspension increases obviously, which are treated with titanium-doped ZnO powders.