UTRs were predicted by identifying the operons’ boundaries. These were defined as sharp declines in coverage of the regions upstream or downstream of the start or stop codons, respectively (Methods).

Accordingly, 745 5’UTRs were identified and the median UTR length was approximately 29 nucleotides (nt) (Sheet 1 of Additional file 2). Although most 5’UTRs were small and typically similar to many other bacterial [24, 34], 8.86% of the 5’UTRs identified were longer than 100 nt. Long 5’UTR, particularly in prokaryotes, may contain cis-regulation element(s) such as the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence, which mediates mRNA translational efficiency. Potential RNA elements (5’UTR > 15 nt) were scanned using the Rfam [35], but no conserved elements were identified. These observations are in agreement with previous work [36] and suggest Prochlorococcus may contain unknown cis-regulatory GANT61 sequences, like targets for ncRNAs. We also identified 337 3’UTRs (Sheet 2 of Additional file 2). When these sequences (3’UTR > 10 nt) were searched by the ARNold [37], only 11 significant termination signals were identified (Sheet 2 of Additional file 2). However, the high proportion (35.6%) of long 3’UTRs (> 60 nt) suggests that these regions may have other important roles that require further exploration. To identify new ORFs and ncRNAs, we analyzed the intergenic regions determined by current gene annotation (Sheet 2 of Additional file 3). Seven transcript units were identified

with high confidence, including two ORFs and five ncRNAs (Additional file 4). The two ORFs were conserved hypothetical proteins see more present in related subspecies such as P. marinus MIT9202, P. marinus W9, and P. marinus Telomerase MIT9515. All five identified ncRNAs were expressed in at least eight conditions (Additional file 4). In particular, TibYfr5 was the highest expressed ncRNA among five predicted ncRNAs, whereas TibYfr1 consistently showed the highest abundance under the light–dark conditions [38]. This suggests that TibYfr1

and TibYfr5 expression level may be influenced by changes in light. Highly expressed genes were overrepresented in the core genome but not in the flexible genome Using genome-wide expression data, we compared gene expression profiles between the MED4 core and flexible genomes [6]. Up to 94.3% of the 1251 genes in the core genome were expressed, and this was significantly higher than 84.9% of the genes expressed in the flexible genome (P < 0.001). Furthermore, a moderate but significant correlation was observed between the gene expression levels (mean RPKM of ten samples for each gene) and corresponding protein nonsynonymous substitution rates (Ka) (N = 1275, Spearman’s r = -0.68, P < 0.001; Figure 2). This observation that higher expressed genes evolve slowly, which has been observed in various organisms [13, 15, 17], might also be true in Prochlorococcus MED4. Figure 2 Correlation between the gene expression levels and nonsynonymous substitution rates (Ka).

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“Background Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) is the most stable crystallization form and is also the most applicable

in the industry among vanadium oxide systems such as VO, VO2, and V2O3. The orthorhombic layered structure of V2O5 promises a high ionic storage capacity for energy storage applications [1]. Recently, its quasi-one-dimensional nanostructures such as nanowires (NWs), nanobelts (NBs), and nanotubes have gained substantial attention. Due to high surface-to-volume ratio and high surface activity, V2O5 1D structures for various applications, such as field emitters [2–5], transistors [6, 7], chemical sensors [8–10], and lithium batteries [11–14], have been developed. In addition, V2O5 with a direct optical bandgap at visible-light region (E g = 2.2 to 2.7 eV) [2, 15–18] triclocarban also inspires the studies of optoelectronic applications

such as photodetection [2, 19], optical waveguide [20], and high-speed photoelectric switch [21]. Although device performance of the individual NW has been demonstrated in several studies, fundamental photoconduction (PC) properties and their corresponding surface effects were less studied than the known hopping transport [6, 21–24]. The potential difference of the transport properties of nanomaterials grown by different approaches was also less known. In this paper, we report the study of photoconductivities of V2O5 NWs grown by physical vapor deposition (PVD). The performance of the single-NW device and intrinsic PC efficiency of the material have been defined and discussed. The results are also compared with the reported data of the V2O5 counterpart synthesized by hydrothermal approach.

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All the SERS spectra were collected using × 50, NA = 0.5, long working distance INK-128 objective and the laser spot size is about 2 μm. SERS spectra were recorded with an accumulation time of 10 s. After the SAM of benzene thiol was formed on the substrate surface, a single scan was performed. To get an accurate approximation of the enhancement factors, we measured the neat Raman spectrum of benzene thiol. For the measurement of the neat Raman spectrum of benzene thiol, the power of the 785-nm laser was 1.031 mW, the accumulation time was 10 s, the spot size was 20 μm, and the depth of focus was 18 μm. Figure 2a

shows the Raman spectra of the benzene thiol SAM on the P-AAO-Au (black), W-AAO1-Au (green), and W-AAO2-Au (red) with all having been normalized to account for the accumulation time and laser power. To characterize the SERS performance of our substrates, commercial Klarite® substrates were used as reference samples which consists of gold-coated textured

silicon (regular arrays of inverted pyramids of 1.5-μm wide and 0.7-μm deep) mounted on a glass microscope slide. Figure 2b shows the normalized Raman spectra of the benzene thiol SAM on the W-AAO2-Au (red), on the Klarite® substrate (blue), and neat thiophenol (black). Figure 2 Comparison of substrates and neat benzene thiol, Raman spectra, and spatial mapping. (a) Comparison of the SERS of substrates P-AAO-Au, W-AAO1-Au, and W-AAO2-Au. (b) Comparison of the SERS of substrates W-AAO2-Au (red), Klarite® (blue), and neat Raman spectra (black) of benzene thiol collected at 785-nm incident. (c) Zoomed-in region of the spectra showing Selleck OSI 906 the three primary modes located near 1,000 cm-1, with the 998 cm-1 used for calculation of the SERS enhancement factor. The number of molecules of benzene thiol that each measurement is probing is denoted in the figure. (d) Spatial mapping of the SERS intensity at 998 cm-1

of SERS substrate W-AAO2-Au over an area larger than 20 μm × 20 μm. The background is the optical reflection image of substrate W-AAO2-Au photographed through a microscope with a × 50 objective. The calculation of EF The average EFs were calculated from the following equation Protein tyrosine phosphatase [8, 42]: where I SERS and I Raman are the normalized Raman intensity of SERS spectra and neat Raman spectrum of benzene thiol, respectively. N SERS and N Raman represent the numbers of molecules contributing to SERS signals and neat Raman signals of benzene thiol, respectively. I SERS and I Raman can be measured directly from the Raman spectra. N Raman is defined as follows [42]: where ρ = 1.073 g mL-1 and MW = 110.18 g mol-1 are the density and molecular weight of benzene thiol, respectively, and V is the collection volume of the liquid sample monitor. N A is Avogadro’s number. N SERS is defined as follows [42]: where ρ surf is the surface coverage of benzene thiol which has been reported as approximately 0.544 nmol cm-2[8, 42], and S surf is the surface area irradiated by exciting laser.