Item response theory-based single-item screens may facilitate evaluation and management of heterogeneous populations receiving outpatient physical therapy.”
“A multimodal approach of complementary techniques targeting AZD9291 primarily truncating, deletion and rearrangement mutations provides a robust screening protocol that identifies the vast majority of pathogenic germline APC gene mutations in FAP patients.

Patients in whom no mutation is identified through this mutation protocol, may be sub-cohorts representing a different FAP pathogenesis including MYH associated polyposis and somatic cell mosaicism for APC gene mutations. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose The objective of this study was to assess whether the EQ-5D independently predicts all-cause mortality and first hospitalization in a generic elderly population and to evaluate the relationship between the EQ-5D “”Class of problems,”" the EQ-5D index,

the EQ-Visual Analogue Scale (EQ-VAS), and the number of hospitalizations occurring over a 2-year period.

Methods The data were collected in a longitudinal study (over 5 years) conducted on 9,644 elderly people in northern Italy with 5,256 completed questionnaires returned. Multivariate Cox’s proportional hazards models were used to assess the effect of the EQ-5D questionnaire on 12 and 24 month mortality and first hospitalization risk, controlling for sociodemographic and medical covariates. Multivariate Zero-Inflated Poisson models were performed to test the association between the EQ-5D “”Class of problems,”" the EQ-5D index and EQ-VAS and the Wnt inhibition number of hospitalizations over 2 years.

Results The EQ-5D “”Class of problems,”" EQ-5D index, and EQ-VAS were consistently associated with mortality and first hospitalization

rates. The EQ-VAS was associated with the number of hospitalizations over 2 years, though the EQ-5D “”Class of problems”" and EQ-5D index were not.

Conclusions The EQ-5D questionnaire is a useful predictor of mortality and first hospitalization in a generic elderly population in Italy. This suggests that it would be a good instrument for evaluating the LXH254 ic50 effect of social/medical actions in a population-based study.”
“Laminated magnetoelectric (ME) composites consisting of magnetostrictive and piezoelectric layers are an important class of magnetic sensors. Here, we will present a means to design ME sensors with in-built capabilities to cancel environmental noise, based on designing the sensor signal and the noise in different fundamental modes. We then show that some composite designs offer unique capabilities to reject acoustic or thermal noise sources. (C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3176500]“
“MUTYH-associated polyposis (MAP) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterised by adenomatous polyps of the colorectum and a very high risk of colorectal cancer.

meliloti interactions is proposed. (C) 2011 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.”
“Visual attention is thought to be driven by the interplay between low-level visual features and task dependent information content of local image regions, as well as by spatial

viewing biases. Though dependent on experimental paradigms and model assumptions, this idea has given rise to varying claims that either bottom-up or top-down mechanisms dominate visual attention. To contribute toward a resolution of this discussion, here S63845 we quantify the influence of these factors and their relative importance in a set of classification tasks. Our stimuli consist of individual image patches (bubbles). For each bubble we derive three measures: a measure of salience based on low-level stimulus features, a measure of salience based on the task dependent Torin 2 information content derived from our subjects’ classification responses and a measure of salience based on spatial viewing biases. Furthermore, we measure the empirical salience of each bubble based on our subjects’ measured eye gazes thus characterizing the overt visual attention each bubble receives. A multivariate linear model relates the three salience

measures to overt visual attention. It reveals that all three salience measures contribute significantly. The effect of spatial viewing biases is highest and rather constant in different tasks. The contribution of task dependent information is a close runner-up. Specifically, in a standardized task of judging facial expressions it scores highly. The contribution of low-level features is, on average, somewhat lower. However, in

a prototypical search task, without an available template, it makes a strong contribution on par with the two other measures. Finally, the contributions of the three factors are only selleckchem slightly redundant, and the semi-partial correlation coefficients are only slightly lower than the coefficients for full correlations. These data provide evidence that all three measures make significant and independent contributions and that none can be neglected in a model of human overt visual attention.”
“Background: Scarce data are available on Plasmodium falciparum anti-malarial drug resistance in Pakistan. The aim of this study was, therefore, to determine the prevalence of P. falciparum resistance associated polymorphisms in field isolates from southern Pakistan.

Methods: Blood samples from 244 patients with blood-slide confirmed P. falciparum mono-infections were collected between 2005-2007. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the P. falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (pfcrt K76T), multi drug resistance (pfmdr1 N86Y), dihydrofolate reductase (pfdhfr A16V, N51I, C59R, S108N, I164L) and dihydropteroate synthetase (pfdhps A436S, G437A and E540K) genes and pfmdr1 gene copy numbers were determined using PCR based methods.

Results: The prevalence of pfcrt 76T and pfmdr1 86Y was 93% and 57%, respectively.

0001, weighted score 1.5), preoperative intensive care unit (ICU) admission (P = 0.006, weighted score 2), immunosuppressive treatment (P = 0.004, weighted score 1.5) and open surgery (P = 0.03, weighted score 1). Patients were grouped in four classes showing incremental risk of death at 90 days: class A, score 0

(2%); class B, score 1-2 (12%); class C, score 2.5-3 (40%); class D, score >3 (86%); P < 0.0001). SLB entails a considerable surgical risk with an overall 90-day mortality around 10%. We were able to develop a practical risk score which, if validated Proteases inhibitor by other independent studies, can be easily used to stratify the risk of SLB candidates and assess the cost-effectiveness of this procedure.”
“Two toddlers presented to their primary medical providers with anasarca and severe anemia. Laboratory evaluation revealed iron deficiency along with hypoproteinemia and hypoalbuminemia. CAL-101 solubility dmso Both children were diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia and were suspected to have an associated protein-losing enteropathy. A brief review of the literature is provided, and data supporting the notion of protein-losing enteropathy

being a consequence of severe iron deficiency anemia are discussed. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations for prevention of iron deficiency anemia are reviewed. These cases illustrate the importance of the primary medical care

provider’s role in preventive medicine and provide an example of severe complications that may arise from iron deficiency anemia if it is not recognized and treated early.”
“Autoimmune diseases (ADs) impose substantial health and financial burdens in the United States and in many parts of the world. Women are disproportionately affected by many of these disorders, which often contribute to lifelong disabilities. While the number of patients with some ADs appears to be rising, the complexities of conducting epidemiological studies prevent a thorough understanding of the prevalence and incidence of these LY2835219 cell line various conditions. Research on environmental influences of these illnesses is limited, although they are generally hypothesized to result from the interaction of environmental agents in genetically susceptible individuals. Further, there is little known regarding the role of sex and gender in the environmentally influenced mechanisms leading to the development of AD. To address these issues, particularly the roles of environment and sex and gender in ADs and the factors that contribute to the rise in ADs, the Society for Women’s Health Research convened an interdisciplinary roundtable of experts from academia, medicine, and government agencies to share their expertise, address knowledge gaps in research, and propose future research recommendations.”
“Objective.

A Ru free-layer cap provides superior magnetic and magnetotransport properties compared to a Mg free-layer cap. Mg from the Mg free-layer cap is observed to diffuse toward the MgO tunnel barrier upon annealing, degrading both the crystalline quality of the CoFeB and magnetic isolation of the CoFeB free-layer from the CoFeB reference-layer. Lateral variations

in the B distribution within the CoFeB free-layer are observed in the samples with a Ru free-layer cap, which are associated with crystalline and amorphous grains. The B-rich, amorphous grains are found to be depleted in Fe, while the B-poor crystalline grains are slightly Smoothened Agonist enriched in Fe. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi :10.1063/1.3583569]“
“As a measure of healthcare cost containment, the total number of vials of entanercept

(25 mg) that can be prescribed for patients with inflammatory arthritis is restricted in Korea. Consequently, attempts to extend the dosing interval while maintaining the efficacy have not been an uncommon clinical practice. The aim of this study was to determine if extended doing interval of etanercept can be effective in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). We performed a retrospective analysis using medical records at a single tertiary hospital. One hundred and nine patients with AS and 79 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) started on etanercept between November 2004 and November 2009 were indentified. Etanercept (25 mg) was started with twice-weekly dosing MK-2206 cost schedule. Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI), C-reactive protein (CRP), and etanercept dosing interval for BAY 57-1293 mw AS patients at 0, 3, 9, 15, 21 months were reviewed. Dosing interval for RA patients was analyzed for comparison. In AS, mean dosing interval was 4.7 +/- 2.1 days at 3 months and was increased to 12.1 +/- 7.0 days at 21 months. Despite the progressive increase in the dosing interval, the mean BASDAI declined rapidly at 3 months, and continued to decrease over 21 months. Mean CRP declined after 3 months of therapy and remained low thereafter.

In RA, mean dosing interval was 4.0 +/- 1.2 days at 3 months and 5.1 +/- 1.8 days at 21 months. In conclusion, in AS, extended dosing of etanercept can be effective without compromising clinical and laboratory markers of disease activity as measured by BASDAI and CRP, respectively. Tapering of etanercept was less accommodating in RA when compared to AS.”
“Bioassay-guided fractionation of the ethanolic extract of Pterodon emarginatus Vogel stem bark (EtEx) resulted in the isolation and characterization of lupeol and betulin. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including IR, (1)H-NMR, (13)C-NMR and comparison with literature values. This study showed the anti-inflammatory activity of EtEx, the hexane (HexL) and dichloromethane (DichL) layers, and lupeol and betulin.

Sinus rhythm with intact atrioventricular conduction at 6 months was present in 69 (85%), yet 67 (67%) remained DDD programmed, with mean 26.0% +/- 38.0% tight ventricular pacing.

Conclusions: No excess mortality is associated with a PPM after cardiac transplantation, and biatrial technique strongly predicts PPM requirement. Increased atrial fibrillation among PPM recipients may be related to right GSK923295 Cytoskeletal Signaling inhibitor ventricular stimulation with dual-chamber pacing. J Heart Lung Transplant 2009;28:791-8. Copyright (C) 2009

by the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation.”
“Gold-polyaniline composite is reported by the polymerization of aniline hydrochloride monomer using HAuCl(4) as the oxidant. HAuCl(4) was dissolved in toluene using a phase-transfer catalyst, Aliquat 336. The oxidative polymerization of aniline hydrochloride leads to the formation of polyaniline with a diameter of <50 nm,

while the reduction in auric acid results in the formation of gold nanoparticles with an average diameter similar to 4 nm. The resultant composite material was characterized by means of different techniques, such as UV-vis, IR, and Raman spectroscopies, which offered the information about the chemical structure of polymer, whereas electron microscopy images provided information regarding the morphology of the composite material and the distribution of the metal particles in the polymer matrix. dc-magnetization measurements down to low temperatures (2 K) enabled the identification MCC950 of a small, but field-independent paramagnetic behavior of the composite, and this is argued to originate from the charge transfer between the gold 5d-electron shell 17DMAG purchase and the organic matrix.

We believe that this material holds promise for both electronic and magnetic applications through suitable concentration levels of the metallic dopant. (C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3238244]“
“Background: Elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) levels have been associated with allograft failure and recipient death in renal and cardiac transplantation. Data in lung transplantation (LTx) ire lacking. We hypothesized that baseline plasma or bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) CRP might be prognostic for the long-tern outcome after LTx.

Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 121 LTx recipients. Plasma CRP and BAL CRP, together with cell differentials, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8 protein levels, were evaluated at 90 days after LTx and associated with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS)-free and overall survival.

Results: Plasma CRP, BAL CRP, and BAL neutrophilia, but not IL-6 or IL-8, were significantly increased in patients with BOS >= 1 or not surviving at 3 years after LTx. In univariate analysis, plasma CRP > 5 mg/liter, elevated BAL CRP levels, and BAL neutrophilia > 15% were predictive for graft failure, In multivariate analysis, only BAL CRP was an independent predictor for graft failure (p = 0.004).

Aim: To determine to what extent SpO(2) levels match the ERC targets during the resuscitation of very preterm infants, and how well the SpO(2) is kept within the high and low limits until the infants are transported to the NICU.

Methods: In a single-centre observational study, the SpO(2) and fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO(2)) were collected during the resuscitation of very preterm infants with a gestational age (GA) <= 30 weeks.

Results: A total of 78 infants were included [median (IQR): GA 274/7 (26-286/7) weeks, birth weight 945 g (780-1140)]. During the initial 10

min after birth, large variations in SpO(2) were observed with deviations above the target [median (IQR)] Selleck Cyclosporin A of 4.4% SpO(2) (1.4-6.5), and below the target of 8.2% SpO(2) (2.8-16.0). After

the first 10 min, the SpO(2) levels were respectively above and below the limit for 11% (0-27) and 8% (0-23) of the time.

Conclusion: During the resuscitation of very preterm infants, large deviations of the SpO(2) from the ERC targets are observed. SRT1720 nmr During the first minutes of resuscitation the deviations were likely caused by an inability to control the SpO(2), whereas later deviations were due to weaning, pauses in respiratory support (i.e. intubation) and over exposure to oxygen. Changing the SpO(2) targets to a target range that depicts the acceptable deviation might be helpful in providing better respiratory support. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“In 2009, a new system for staging and classification of malignant melanoma has been proposed by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC). The AJCC recommends that staging of primary melanoma be based on 3 criteria, namely, thickness, ulceration, and mitotic rate, the latter substituting Clark levels in the previous classification. In melanomas measuring <= 1 mm in thickness, ulceration or finding of single mitotic figure in the dermis defines stage T1b. According to the AJCC, sentinel lymph node dissection should be considered for those melanomas because of a significantly impaired prognosis. As with other prognostic parameters, however, assessment of mitotic rate, with one mitotic HTS assay figure being the cutoff point, is

highly unreliable, and statistics based on such data lack validity. Despite the large database being employed, they may be pseudoscience rather than science.”
“We present two cases of central venous catheterization (CVC) in which an ultrasound-guided in-plane approach was used. Case 1 was a 60-year-old man with acute myelogenous leukemia in whom a right supraclavicular CVC was performed. He had pancytopenia (leukocytes 2,000/mu L; erythrocytes 350 x 10(4)/mu L; platelets 5.6 x 10(4)/mu L), and abnormal coagulability (prothrombin time-international normalized ratio 1.35). A linear array transducer was positioned cephalad to the right clavicle and rotated 30A degrees clockwise. The 21-gauge needle was manipulated from outside of the transducer.

This paper describes a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) gradient-generating microfluidic device to immobilize the gradient of cellular adhesive Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptide on poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel. Hydrogels are formed by exposing the mixture of PEG diacrylate (PEGDA), acryloyl-PEG-RGD, and photo-initiator with ultraviolet light. The microfluidic chip was simulated by a fluid dynamic model

for the biomolecule diffusion process and gradient generation. PEG hydrogel covalently immobilized with RGD peptide gradient was fabricated in this microfluidic device by photo-polymerization. Bone marrow derived rat mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were then cultured on the surface of RGD gradient PEG hydrogel. Cell adhesion of rat MSCs on PEG hydrogel with various RGD gradients were then qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by immunostaining method. MSCs cultured on PEG hydrogel surface Bucladesine Others inhibitor with RGD gradient showed a grated fashion for cell adhesion and spreading that was proportional to RGD concentration. It was also found that 0.107-0.143mM was the critical RGD concentration range for

MSCs maximum adhesion on PEG hydrogel. (C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. [http://dx.doi.org.elibrary.einstein.yu.edu/10.1063/1.4704522]“
“Sleep can integrate information into existing memory networks, look for common patterns and distil overarching rules, or simply stabilize and strengthen the memory exactly as it was learned. Recent research has shown that sleep facilitates abstraction of gist information as well as integration across multiple memories, insight into hidden solutions, and even the ability to make creative PD173074 in vitro connections between distantly related ideas and concepts. To investigate the effect of sleep on memory organization, 35 normal volunteers were randomly assigned either to the sleep (n = 17) or wake group (n = 18). The sleep subjects performed the Japanese Verbal Learning Test (JVLT), a measure of learning and memory, three times in the evening, and slept. On the following morning (9 h later), they were asked to recall click here the words

on the list. The wake subjects took the same test in the morning, and were asked to recall the words in the same time interval as in the sleep group. The semantic clustering ratio (SCR), divided by the total number of words recalled, was used as an index of memory organization. Our main interest was whether the sleep subjects elicit a greater increase in this measure from the third to the fourth assessments. Time x Group interaction effect on SCR was not significant between the sleep group and wake group as a whole. Meanwhile, the change in the SCR between the third and fourth trials was negatively correlated with duration of nocturnal waking in the sleep group, but not other sleep indices. Based on this observation, further analysis was conducted for subjects in the sleep group who awoke nocturnally for <60 min for comparison with the wake group.

Data were gathered on the patients’ demographics and clinical characteristics, including body mass index. Patients’ knowledge of hypertension was assessed using a 9-item instrument. Descriptive statistics was used to compute percentage frequency distributions of the variables. Inferential statistics employed Students’ t-test and one-way ANOVA at

95 % confidence interval.

Results: Females Semaxanib clinical trial were 131 (65.5 %), 138 (69.0 %) were either overweight or obese, 107 (53.5 %) had blood pressure >= 160/100 mmHg (Stage 2); 150 (75 %) did not know that hypertension is chronic and 132 (66 %) were not aware of risk of non-adherence. Poor knowledge of risk factors was associated with gender, marital status, income, and level of education (p < 0.05). Patients, 167 (83.5 %) received a combination of two antihypertensive medications with 88 (44 %) having thiazide diuretic as first line, and lifestyle modification was not an integral component of care.

Conclusion: Most patients received thiazide diuretic medication but not lifestyle education. Obesity was a common risk factor among the study group. Patients’ knowledge of hypertension was below average and they may need to be educated on hypertension and its effective

management using drugs and lifestyle changes.”
“The urothelium has been implicated in regulating VX-809 chemical structure detrusor smooth muscle contractility but the identity of the putative urothelium-derived inhibitory factor remains unconfirmed. There was inconclusive evidence on the role of

nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX) in mediating detrusor contractions. This study examined varying regulation by NOS and COX in transverse and longitudinal carbachol (CCh)-induced and unstimulated phasic contractions. Methods: Rat detrusor strips with the urothelium-intact (+UE) and urothelium-denuded (-UE) were isolated in both transverse and longitudinal directions. Isometric tension of the detrusor strips was recorded both during stimulation with CCh and at the unstimulated state. In the unstimulated state, phasic contractile activity was measured. Tension recordings were made with and without the NOS inhibitor N-omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and COX inhibitor indomethacin (Indo). Results: Only transverse +UE strips responded DAPT ic50 convincingly to L-NAME and Indo treatment, generating larger CCh-induced contractions. In unstimulated tissues, L-NAME treatment increased phasic amplitude in -UE strips only. Indo treatment failed to elicit any change in the amplitude but suppressed frequency of the phasic activity in transverse +UE strips. There was no significant Indo-mediated change in other strips. Conclusions: The data suggested heterogeneity in the regulation of directional detrusor contractility via NOS-and COX-associated mechanisms. Neurourol. Urodynam. 30:619-625, 2011. (C) 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

“
“In the present study, the effects of tramadol on pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures and involvement

of nitric oxide (NO) were assessed in mice. To determine the threshold for clonic seizures. PTZ was administered intravenously. Tramadol was administered intraperitoneally (0.5-50 mg/kg) 30 minutes prior to induction of seizures. The effects of the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 0.5,1, 5, and 10 mg/kg), the nitric oxide precursor L-arginine (10,30, and 60 mg/kg), and the nonspecific opioid receptor antagonist naloxone (0.1, 0.5, 1, and 5 mg/kg) on the anticonvulsant effect of tramadol were investigated. Administration of tramadol (1 mg,/kg) Selleckchem CT99021 increased the threshold for seizures induced with PTZ in a monophasic, dose-independent, and time-dependent manner. Acute administration of L-NAME (5 and 10 mg/kg) inhibited the anticonvulsant effect of tramadol 3-MA nmr (1 mg/kg), whereas L-arginine, in the noneffective dose range (30 and 60 mg/kg), potentiated the seizure threshold when co-administered with a subeffective dose of tramadol (0.5 mg/kg). Naloxone partially and dose-independently antagonized the anticonvulsant effect of tramadol (1 mg/kg). These results indicate

that the anticonvulsant effect of tramadol is mediated by the nitric oxide pathway and also by classic opioid receptors. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Glucokinase (GCK) plays a key role in glucose homeostasis. Gestational diabetes mellitus increases the risk of gestational complications in pregnant women and fetuses. see more We screened for mutations in coding and flanking regions of the GCK gene in pregnant women with or without gestational diabetes in a Brazilian population. A sample of 200 pregnant women classified as healthy (control, N = 100) or with gestational diabetes (N = 100) was analyzed for mutations

in the GCK gene. All gestational diabetes mellitus patients had good glycemic control maintained by diet alone and no complications during pregnancy. Mutations were detected by single-strand conformation polymorphism and DNA sequencing. Thirteen of the 200 subjects had GCK gene mutations. The mutations detected were in intron 3 (c.43331A>G, new), intron 6 (c.47702T>C, rs2268574), intron 9 (c.48935C>T, rs2908274), and exon 10 (c.49620G>A, rs13306388). None of these GCK mutations were found to be significantly associated with gestational diabetes mellitus. In summary, we report a low frequency of GCK mutations in a pregnant Brazilian population and describe a new intronic variation (c.43331A>G, intron 3). We conclude that mutations in GCK introns and in non-translatable regions of the GCK gene do not affect glycemic control and are not correlated with gestational diabetes mellitus.

Proteasome inhibitors are now used in clinics for the treatment of cancer, and recent studies propose that the proteasome should be considered as a predictive biomarker for various pathologies.”
“Self-methathesis of vegetable oil based unsaturated fatty acids provide a renewable and convenient route for the preparation of a number of platform chemicals

useful Saracatinib mouse for the production of polymers, biolubricants and other industrial products. The present study is focused on the use of the unsaturated non-edible oil methyl esters of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum 82.2%) self- metathesis. Metathesis was carried out reacting equimolar quantities of fatty acid methyl esters (6.8 mm) with Grubbs second generation catalyst (0.3 mm) at 40-45 degrees C for 36 h. The metathesized products were characterized using GC and GC MS analysis. Self-metathesis of the tobacco methyl esters GNS-1480 resulted in the formation of hydrocarbons, of which 9-octadecene (24%) and a cyclodecacyclododecene (19%) were found to be major. In addition 9-octadecenoic acid methyl ester (17%) and 9,12-octadecadienoic acid methyl esters (11%) were also observed. The study also discusses the molecules involved in the formation of the above intermediates which are useful for the preparation of

a number of industrial products. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia-cleft (EEC) syndrome is a rare congenital disease, occurring in 7 per 10,000 live newborns. It runs in families as an inherited autosomal dominant; it can also occur spontaneously as a point missense mutation in the DNA-binding domain of the p63 transcription factor (TP63) gene. Clinical diagnosis of

a complete EEC syndrome involves a patient who presents with ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, and cleft lip and/or palate. This paper presents outcome of 10 years of interdisciplinary therapy for an EEC child with special consideration of the facial presentation of the disease. The management of cases of EEC syndrome requires multidisciplinary action because of the great variability in clinical expression. In an individual patient, treatment should be based Selleck AZD4547 on clinical findings and symptoms. Early interdisciplinary therapy will allow a patient with EEC syndrome to reinstate oral functions, satisfactory appearance, and social integration.”
“Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the decalcifying efficacy of 7% maleic acid (MA), 2% chlorhexidine (CHX), and combinations of 7% MA + 0.2% cetrimide (CTR) and 2% CHX + 0.2% CTR, in four time periods.

Study Design: Four specimens per tooth were obtained from a 2-mm thick slice of the cervical third of the root of ten human incisors.