In its “summary” action to initiate the regulatory adoption proce

In its “summary” action to initiate the regulatory adoption process and environmental reviews required under CEQA, the Commission vote was unanimous for the Central Coast Study Region, split 3–2 in the North Central Coast and South Coast Study Regions, and split 4–1

selleck chemical in the North Coast Study Region. These formal actions by the Commission built on earlier decisions by RSGs and the BRTF, reflecting important policy implementation choices at each stage (Table 6). Legal challenges to the public–private structure of the Initiative and provision of funding from private charitable foundations began during the first study region. Every study region also encountered challenges other than legal actions in sorting out relationships with other public policies and among uses of marine resources. For example, a common issue among fishermen was the relationship of MPAs to spatially based fishery management regulations, such as the Cowcod Conservation Areas or Rockfish Conservation Areas; relationships with tribal uses became increasingly important as the Initiative progressed (Fox et al., 2013c). Consistent gubernatorial support for creating an improved network of MPAs was important, especially regarding final action by the Commission (Fox et al., 2013a).

As an example of the political dynamics, the California State Senate refused to consider and bring to confirmation vote find more one Governor’s appointee to the Commission who voted to create MPAs in the North Central Coast shortly after appointment by the Governor but before Senate confirmation. That individual had previously served on the BRTF. As in any public policy implementation process of consequence, creating a substantial network of MPAs did not occur easily once legislation was enacted. The Initiative played a key role in the third attempt to implement the MLPA and establish the first statewide network of MPAs in the U.S. Key contributors to the success of this innovative planning process included a strong legal mandate, adequate funding

and capacity provided by the public–private partnership, robust stakeholder engagement, strong science guidance, transparent processes, effective leadership by Thiamet G the volunteer BRTF and strong political support. Governmental decision making bodies sometimes seek to avoid decisions or make the minimal changes possible from the status quo, especially for issues characterized by high conflict, technical complexity or uncertainty. Because of the extensive analytic work on proposals and the extended, transparent process of the Initiative, requests by any disaffected parties that a decision should be deferred by the Commission had to overcome a compelling case for action that emerged in each region. The Initiative was successful in developing alternative MPA proposals that supported Commission actions to substantially increase the number, size, and effectiveness of MPAs in California, including no take MPAs.

Several microorganisms are known to produce a variety of enzymes

Several microorganisms are known to produce a variety of enzymes in high titer values preferably under solid state fermentation (SSF) process. Recently, SSF has gained a considerable attention for the production and extraction of antioxidant phenolics from plant materials, mainly pulses and cereals [21]. In this process, different carbohydrases like cellulases, β-glucosidase, xylanase, pectinases, β-xylosidase, β-galactosidase, α-amylases and esterase etc., produced by the microorganisms can release the bound phenolics into soluble form [2]. In the present report, production and extraction of phenolics were improved through SSF of wheat grains by Rhizopus oryzae

RCK2012. A single standardized method should not be recommended for the extraction of all types of phenolic compounds. Extraction Bortezomib concentration Veliparib price process has to be optimized depending upon the nature of the sample and purpose of the study [26]. In this study, different extraction conditions such as solvent composition, extraction temperature, solvent-to-solid ratio and extraction time have been optimized for the extraction of phenolics from R.oryzae RCK2012 fermented wheat grains. Furthermore, comparative studies have been carried out between fermented and unfermented wheat on the different antioxidant properties of freeze-dried water extracts.

Some studies already have been carried out for the improvement of total phenolics and antioxidant properties of wheat bran [22], rice [3], maize [10], wheat [2] and [4], buckwheat, wheat germ, barley and rye [11], oat [6] and [7], oat, wheat, buckwheat and pearl barley [30] and

rice bran [27] utilizing various food grade microorganisms. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on optimization of different extraction conditions of phenolic antioxidants from the R. oryzae fermented wheat grains. Following chemicals were procured from Sigma–Aldrich chemicals (USA): nearly 2,20-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), trolox, phenolic acid standards such as gallic, protocatechuic, caffeic, 4-hydroxy benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy 3-methoxy benzoic acid, trans-cinnamic acid and ferulic acid. All other chemicals were analytical grade. A new fungus was isolated locally from rotten maize and identified as Rhizopus oryzae RCK2012 (GenBank Accession No. JQ906263). It was cultivated and maintained on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Inoculum was prepared from 3 days old slant by suspending the fungal spores in sterile distilled water and adjusted to a concentration of 1 × 106 spores/ml. One batch of commercial wheat grains were stored at room temperature and were used throughout the experiments. Ten gram of whole grain wheat taken in 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks, was mixed with 10 ml distilled water, autoclaved (121 °C, 15 min) and subsequently cooled to ambient temperature.

25, 0 5, 1 0, 2 0, and 4 0 μM) at different phases of the cell cy

25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 μM) at different phases of the cell cycle based http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Romidepsin-FK228.html on the protocol described by Cavalcanti et al. (2008) with minor modifications. Doxorubicin (0.5 μM) was used as a positive control. All experimental protocols were performed in the presence or absence of colchicine. In the experimental procedures adopted, when PHT was added after 24 h, cells in both G1 and S stages were exposed, while it can be assumed that when PHT was added after 69 h, cells in G2 stage were exposed. When PHT was added in same time of PHA stimulation (in begin of the culture, 0 h) cells were exposed in G1 stage. In order to obtain

a sufficient number of analyzable metaphases, colchicine was added at a final concentration of 0.0016%, 2 h prior to harvesting. The cells were harvested by centrifugation and treated with 0.075 M KCl at 37 °C for 20 min. The cells were then centrifuged and fixed in 1:3 (v/v) acetic acid:methanol. Finally, slides were prepared, air-dried and stained with 3% Giemsa solution (pH 6.8) for 8 min (Moorhead et al., 1960). Slides were analyzed with a light microscope, and structural and numerical CAs were examined in metaphases from the PHT-treated cultures and from the respective controls. The frequency of CAs (in 100 metaphases per culture) and the mitotic index (MI, number of metaphases per 2.000 lymphocytes per culture) this website were determined. The differences between experimental groups were compared by one-way analysis of variance

(ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s test. All analyses were performed using the Graphpad program (Intuitive Software for Science, San Diego, CA). The Alamar Blue assay was performed to evaluate the effect of PHT in human lymphocytes. Based on data collected from three independent experiments carried out in duplicate, the IC50 values obtained in human lymphocytes

for PHT and doxorubicin were 5.68 (4.17–7.28) and 1.78 (0.96–3.31) μM, respectively, after 72 h of incubation (Fig. 2). All subsequent experiments were conducted in human lymphocytes at concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, Pyruvate dehydrogenase lipoamide kinase isozyme 1 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 μM. The alkaline comet assay was used to evaluate induction of single-strand and double-strand breaks (DSB) in human lymphocytes. Fig. 3 shows the effect of PHT on the damage index and on damage frequency, as measured by effects on DNA. At 2.0 and 4.0 μM, PHT clearly produced a significant increase in damage index and damage frequency as compared to the control groups. In addition, this increase in damage score occurred in a dose-related manner. CA analysis was performed to evaluate the clastogenic effects of PHT during G1 (Table 1), G1/S transition (Table 2), and G2 (Table 3) of the cell cycle. In addition, the experimental protocols of the CAs were performed in the presence or absence of colchicine to evaluate the action of PHT in the mitotic phase. PHT was clastogenic in all phases of the cell cycle in the presence or absence of colchicine. Chromatid gaps and chromatid breaks were the most frequent CAs.

The resulting regression lines for the mean square slopes σu2 and

The resulting regression lines for the mean square slopes σu2 and σc2 demonstrate a nearly Selleckchem Daporinad linear dependence on the wind speed U10 at the standard height of 10 m above the sea surface (see Figure 1): equation(1) σu2=0.000+3.16×10−3U10σc2=0.0028+1.88×10−3U10}.Subscripts c and u refer to the cross-wind and up-wind directions respectively, and the coefficients 3.16 and 1.88 have the dimension [s m−1]. The ratio of the mean square of the cross-wind and up-wind slope components varies between 0.54 and 1.0, with a mean value of 0.75. The authors found that the presence of oil slicks tends to suppress the shorter waves

and reduce the mean square slope by a factor of 2 to 3. Pelevin & Burtsev see more (1957) published results of their experiment in the coastal region of the Black Sea. They confirmed Cox & Munk’s nearly linear dependence of the sea surface slope on the wind speed. For the mean square slopes they obtained equation(2) σu2=−0.0033+2.48×10−3U10σc2=0.00196+1.96×10−3U10}.The coefficients 2.48 and 1.96 have the dimension [s m−1]. The wind speed and wind

fetch during the experiment varied from 4 m s−1 to 7 m s−1, and from 30 km to 100 km, respectively. It is obvious that the observed sea surface slope depends on the intensity of the atmosphere-sea interaction. To include this phenomenon in the statistics of surface slopes, Woźniak (1996) introduced to the analysis the mean wave height H¯ instead of the wind speed U10. In particular, let us assume a Molecular motor very large wind fetch X. Thus, we obtain ( Krylov et al. 1976) equation(3) gH¯U102≈0.16and equation(4) U102=g0.16H¯≈61H¯.In fact, Woźniak used a slightly different relationship, based on the SMB method ( Massel 1996), namely: equation(5) U102≈55.64H¯. Hughes et al. (1977) combined optical, television and digital electronic techniques to design a fast response instrument for the measurement of sea

surface slope. The data taken with the fully corrected, properly adjusted instrument from the Bute Inlet-George Strait indicate that the ratio of the mean square slopes σc2/σu2 varies from 0.50 to 0.80 for wind speeds from 4 to 8 m s−1. No obvious trend in σc2/σu2 with wind speed has been observed. However, the third- and fourth-order moments in the Gram-Charlier probability distribution determined for nine data samples compared favourably with the earlier measurements by Cox & Munk (1954). Observed surface wave spectra include a large variety of wavelengths, from very short capillary waves to long swell. The very short waves are usually superimposed on the long waves, which form a background for them.

Enzyme-linked

Enzyme-linked selleck kinase inhibitor immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine the IgA salivary levels, modified from the standard protocol used for measurement of IgA blood levels. IgA reacts with a specific antibody (anti-serum anti-IgA, Wiener Lab. 2000, Rosario, Argentina) forming insoluble

complexes. The turbidity formed by these complexes is proportional to the concentration of IgA in the sample and can be read at 340 nm in spectrophotometer. The calibration curve was obtained through calibrator proteins (Wiener Lab. 2000, Rosario, Argentina) diluted in saline solution at 1:10, 1:20, 1:40, 1:80 and 1:160 concentrations. The absorbance was read before (DO1) and after antiserum incubation for 30 min (DO2). The ΔA was check details determined and IgA concentrations were expressed as μg/mL of saliva. For the analysis of ionized calcium concentrations, 80 μL of each saliva sample was used. To this sample, 16 μL of ionic strength adjuster for calcium (model ISA-932011,

Orion Research Inc., MA, USA) was added and then the calcium concentration ([Ca++]) was determined using a specific calcium electrode (model 9320BN, Orion) and a reference microelectrode (Analyzer) connected to a previously calibrated ion analyser (Orion 720A+). The analyses were expressed in mV and carried out in duplicates. The calibration curve was made with five different concentrations of calcium (10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 Ca++ μg/mL) obtained from the Thymidylate synthase standard solution of Ca++ (model 922006A, Orion Research

Inc.). Calcium ion concentration in the saliva of rats was calculated as Ca++ μg/mL of saliva. Calcium concentration was expressed by SFR as Ca++ μg/min/100 g. Salivary fluoride concentrations ([F−]) were determined by an ion-specific electrode (model 9409BN, Orion) and a reference microelectrode (Analyzer) connected to an ion analyser (Orion 720A+). The set was calibrated with standard fluoride concentrations at 0.15, 0.3, 0.6, 1.2 and 2.4 F− μg/mL, obtained by serial dilution, with pH adjustment solution (TISAB II, Orion). The readings were taken in mV and in duplicates. Fluoride ion concentration in the saliva of rats was calculated as F− μg/mL of saliva, and it was expressed by SFR as F− μg/min/100 g. The data were expressed as means ± standard error of the mean (SEM) and analysed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey post test. Some results were analysed by Student’s t test. Significance level within groups (normotensive or SHR) or across all groups was set at p < 0.05. Physiological parameters were compared between different ages (4 and 12 weeks old) into the same group and between Wistar and SHR groups in same age. At 12 weeks, SHR presented higher SBP mean values (161 ± 4 mmHg, n = 10) than Wistar rats (110 ± 4 mmHg, n = 10).

The CMC-SPM clusters were non-toxic towards both human cervical (

The CMC-SPM clusters were non-toxic towards both human cervical (HeLa) and hepatocarcinoma (HepG2) cells. While, CMDP–CMC–SPM clusters were more active (0.9 μm) than CDDP (2.6 μm) towards HeLa

cells, in HepG2 the CMDP–CMC–SPM clusters were only 1.2-fold more active than CDDP. Similar to other platinum delivery systems, the release of the platinum pharamacophore from the CMDP-CMC-SPMNC is facilitated by the acidic environment of the tumour [ 19]. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are biocompatible, biogradable, have good aqueous Apoptosis inhibitor solubility and magnetic properties. Pectin is a suitable drug carrier for colon-specific drug delivery owing to its resistance to both protease and amylase. Dutta et al. have encapsulated both SPIONs and oxaliplatin in situ into pectin cross-linked with Ca2+ forming pectin nanocarriers. These magnetic nanocarriers exhibited cytotoxicity 10-fold higher than free oxaliplatin towards MIA-PaCa-2 pancreatic cancer cells [ 20]. The cisplatin nanoconjugate, γ-PGA-CA-CDDP is a hydro-soluble polymer of γ-polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA) modified with find more citric acid (CA) conjugated with diaqua cisplatin (15, Figure 1k). Sustained release of the nanoconjugate indicated its improved selectivity and efficiency. However, 15

was less potent than free CDDP towards both BcaP-37 human breast and Bel-7402 liver cancer cell lines [21]. While delivery of anticancer Interleukin-2 receptor agents via nanocarriers is efficient for reaching the tumour site through the EPR effect, correct attachment of receptor-binding molecules (particularly for

receptors overexpressed in cancer tissues) on the surface of NPs can enhance the uptake of the nanocarrier into the tumour cell through receptor-mediated internalisation. The most common receptors targeted in nanotechnology include the folate (FR), epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transferrin (TfR) receptors. Rout et al. have conjugated cis-diaquadiammine PtII, folic acid (FA) and rhodamine B isothiocyanate onto magnetic calcium phosphate nanoparticles for the targeted delivery of CDDP into HeLa human cervical cancer cells (16). The cytotoxicity of 16 towards both HeLa (FR +ve) and L929 (FR −ve) human cervical cancer cells was ca. fourfold and onefold, respectively, more active compared to free CDDP, indicating that the nano-agent selectively targeted the HeLa cells through receptor mediated endocytosis [ 22]. Coencapsulation of AsIII-based and cisplatin-based anticancer complexes in a folate-functionalised liposome, referred as a “nanobin” (17), provided efficient drug delivery and uptake in KB human nasopharyngeal cells (FR +ve), but not in MCF-7 breast cancer cells (FR −ve) [ 23]. Nanogels are swollen polymers containing ca. 95% water suitable for trapping a range of chemical and biological agents. Nukolova et al. have investigated the antitumour activity of nanogels conjugated with folic acid (18) and loaded with CDDP.

Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess the associations be

Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess the associations between dental caries experience, malocclusions, MP parameters and OHRQoL in children 8–12 years old. The sample size was calculated based on the MP of children obtained in a previous study,12 http://www.selleckchem.com/products/azd9291.html which was carried out in Piracicaba-SP, Brazil. The sample size was calculated using the following website: http://www.lee.dante.br. Considering a mean of 4.60 X50 and standard deviation (SD) of 1.0 and allowing a sampling error of 5% and a confidence level of 90%, the sample size was calculated as 141 individuals. Three hundred authorizations were

distributed to students attending four public schools in Piracicaba, SP, Brazil, and consents were obtained from 210 parents/guardians. Sixty children were excluded because they did not fulfil all examinations. A total of 150 public

school students (74 boys and 76 girls) who were 8–12 years old and in the mixed dentition stage participated in the study. The child’s families belonged to a very low economic class and their mothers had limited schooling. Race was not considered. The procedures, possible discomforts or risks and the possible benefits were fully explained to the participants and their parents/guardians, and the Ethics Committee of Piracicaba Dental School approved the study (Protocols No. 021/2006 and No. 037/2006). The www.selleckchem.com/products/BKM-120.html exclusion criteria were as follows: the presence of

a systemic disturbance that could compromise the masticatory system, neurological disorders or cerebral palsy; the use of drugs that depress the central nervous system either directly or indirectly involving muscular activity; Fluorometholone Acetate antihistamine treatment; sedatives; syrups or homoeopathy treatment; and inappropriate behaviour and/or refusal to participate in the evaluation of the variables observed during the clinical examination. Patients in need of dental treatment were asked to go to the Clinics of Pediatric Dentistry at Piracicaba Dental School. Each of the two calibrated examiners (TSB and MCMT) examined a fraction of participant sample for dental caries and malocclusions in accordance with the criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO).17 All examinations took place at the children’s school outdoors in daylight, but not in direct sunlight. Presence of dental caries was recorded using the dmft and DMFT indexes (decayed, missing and filled teeth in the primary and permanent dentitions, respectively) with the D, M and F components scored separately. The teeth were cleaned with gauze before the examination, which was performed using a mouth mirror and a round probe. Malocclusion was scored using the dental aesthetic index (DAI) developed by Cons et al.

In general, as it would be expected, crumb colour was affected by

In general, as it would be expected, crumb colour was affected by the colour characteristics see more of the dietary fibre included in the formulation (Angioloni & Collar, 2011). A consumer profile of the panellists who evaluated the breads was defined. It was observed that most of the panellists that evaluated the fibre-enriched breads presented a high consumption frequency of this type of product. As many as 44.7% declared consuming fibre-enriched bread more than once a week; 15.9%, once a week; 21.1%, once every fifteen days; 2.9%, once a month; and 15.4%, occasionally. Table 1 presents the scores for

the parameters crust colour acceptance, crust appearance acceptance, aroma acceptance and taste acceptance, for

which fibre addition did not present a significant effect. With the values obtained, it was not possible to establish mathematical models for these responses as a function of the three dietary fibre sources studied. No linear, quadratic or interaction effect was significant (p < 0.05). This indicates that none of the dietary fibre sources used interfered, that is, independently of the amounts of added WB, RS and LBG, the parameter was within the range Selleck Ku0059436 of the mean value and its standard deviation. For the attributes crumb colour acceptance and crumb appearance acceptance, all three fibre sources had similar effects (Equations (8) and (9)). RS and LBG had little influence, while greater Morin Hydrate additions of WB made panellists express greater acceptance for these sensory attributes (Fig. 3). However, works found in literature show results opposite to these. The difference in this result

could be related to the fact that the panellists that evaluated the samples were frequent consumers of fibre-enriched bread. equation(8) Crumbcolouracceptancescore=7.55+0.20WB−0.27WB2+0.15RS−0.18WBRS−0.29WBLBG(r2=0.7477;Fcalc/Ftab=2.29) equation(9) Crumbappearanceacceptancescore=7.44+0.14WB−0.23WB2−0.15WBRS−0.14WBLBG−0.19RSLBG(r2=0.7233;Fcalc/Ftab=3.12) The analysis of the response surfaces for the acceptance of crumb appearance and of those for the acceptance of crumb colour (Fig. 2), confirm the comments registered by the consumers in the evaluation forms. It was observed that, when consuming a fibre-enriched bread, they expect to visualize them in the product. As LBG and RS are light and fine fibre sources, WB is the main dietary fibre source responsible for changes in the aspect and colour of the crumbs of breads, as it is constituted by darker and larger particles. This last statement can be confirmed through the evaluation of breads from Assay 9, without WB addition. Consumers, through their comments, questioned the fact that a “white” bread was being presented in an evaluation of fibre-enriched bread.

This increase in ROS production was accompanied by an increase of

This increase in ROS production was accompanied by an increase of damage in lipids and proteins (Table

1), whereas Oligomycin A price catalase activity and GHS content were decreased. In an attempt to reduce the ROS production induced by the mixture of FA we added ASTA which resulted in a partial reduction of 20% (on average) in ROS production. Many antioxidants are particularly known to provide protection from ROS-mediated cellular damage. This effect is considered to be a defense mechanism against the attack of ROS. In addition, antioxidants have been linked to regulatory functions in cell growth, survival, cytotoxicity, and transformation possibly involving redox regulation and chemical toxicity (Larcombe et al., 2010). One mechanism to explain the increase in ROS production induced by FA could be by Pirfenidone manufacturer the interaction of polyunsaturated, saturated and monounsaturated FA, which are present in our FA mixture, with components of the respiratory chain, thereby inhibiting the electron transport chain, when electrons are directly delivered to Complex III, e.g. from succinate. FA strongly enhance complex

III-associated superoxide anion generation (Schonfeld and Reiser, 2006 and Schonfeld and Wojtczak, 2007). Also, an elevation of intracellular Ca2+ induced by increased Ca2+ influx through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels caused by the FA mixture can stimulate mitochondrial generation of ROS. Moreover, Ca2+ via protein kinase C (PKC) activation enhances NADPH oxidase-dependent generation of ROS, and thus induces oxidative stress (Kruman et al., 1998, Morgan et al., 2007 and Yu et al., 2006). Interestingly, the high levels of ROS induced by FA were not totally inhibited by DPI (Fig. 3A), whereas in PMA-control group there was a reduction on

ROS production to basal levels. This phenomenon indicates that not only NADPH-oxidase is involved in ROS production of lymphocytes treated with FA. Furthermore, when SA was used as an electron transport chain inhibitor there was no reduction in ROS production induced by FA (Fig 3A). In summary, Interleukin-3 receptor our data suggest that FA induces oxidative stress through increased production of superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide and NO production, decreasing enzymatic activity of catalase and GSH content and increasing intracellular calcium concentration, which can be involved in increasing B-lymphocyte proliferation. Moreover, the increase in ROS and NO production explains the increase in lipid peroxidation and damage to cell proteins. Our data also show that ASTA can decrease the exacerbated production of ROS induced by FA, but only partially. Based on these results we can conclude that ASTA can partially prevent oxidative stress in human lymphocytes induced by a fatty acid mixture, probably by blenching/quenching free radical production.

, 2010; Voragen et al , 1995) Thus, the rheological behavior of

, 2010; Voragen et al., 1995). Thus, the rheological behavior of CA-HYP at 0.99 g GalA/100 g was evaluated at low pH (2.5–3.0)

with addition of 60 g sucrose/100 g final mixture. The variation of elastic (G′) and viscous (G″) moduli with frequency (0.01–10 Hz) at 25 °C for CA-HYP at low pH and addition of sucrose is shown in Fig. 7. Samples at pH 2.7 and 2.5 showed elastic modulus higher than viscous modulus (G′ > G″) over the frequency range analyzed and G′ was less dependent of frequency than G″, especially at pH 2.5, characterizing a weak gel-like behavior. For the sample at pH 3.0, at lower frequencies G ′> G″ and a cross-over between the moduli occurred at approximately 2.8 Hz. Löfgren, CHIR99021 Walkenström, and Hermansson (2002) also obtained a weak gel with LM pectins (DE 33.5%) at low pH/high sucrose concentration. At 0.75 g pectin concentration/100 g and pH 3.0 with 60% sucrose, in the absence of calcium ions, the gel shows a G′ of 30 Pa and a G″ of 20 Pa at 1 Hz. For the same frequency,

sucrose concentration and pH, CA-HYP at 0.99 GalA/100 g sample showed higher values of G′ and G″, 48 Pa and 43 Pa, respectively. Hot citric-acid extraction appears suitable for the recovery of pectins from cacao pod husks. Slight variation of the uronic acid content (52–62 g/100 g fraction) was observed at the studied levels. However, the extraction yield increased significantly with increasing temperature and time. The experimental yield of pectin in the selected satisfactory conditions (pH 3.0/95 °C/90 min) was found to be in good NADPH-cytochrome-c2 reductase agreement with

the predicted BIBW2992 yield (10.1 g/100 g vs. 9.0 g/100 g, respectively). The pectin obtained is an LM homogalacturonan highly acetylated (DE 40.3%; DA 15.9%) containing rhamnogalacturonan insertions with galactose-rich side chains and showed a non-Newtonian shear-thinning behavior, well fitted by Cross Model. Although gel formation with calcium ions was not observed, the pectin was able to form gels under low pH/high sucrose content, suggesting possible applications as additive in acidic products. The citric-acid-mediated extraction of pectins from the main by-product of cocoa production would not only help to reduce the costs of the production of cocoa products but would also manage the disposal of this waste in an environmental friendly manner through the use of a natural and safe food additive. The authors thank Adonias de Castro Virgens Filho, Miguel Moreno-Ruiz and CEPLAC/CEPEC for supplying the cacao pod husks and CNPq for financial support. “
“Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a disease in which the oxidation of the amino acid phenylalanine (PHE) is impaired due to a deficiency of the PHE hydroxylase enzyme, resulting in several problems in untreated patients, including mental retardation and reduction of life expectancy (Giovannini, Verduci, Salvatici, & Fiori, 2007).