241077) and by the CNRS. The authors wish to thank Corey White, Ronald Hübner, Scott Brown, Eric-Jan Wagenmakers and Thierry Hasbroucq for their helpful comments. We also thank www.selleckchem.com/products/MDV3100.html Marcel Janssen for technical assistance with color calibration. Distributional data and Python codes of the models are available upon request. “
“Complex working memory (WM) span tasks such as reading and operation span have been shown to be important predictors of a number of higher-order and lower-order cognitive processes. In these tasks to-be-remembered items are interspersed with some form of distracting activity such as reading sentences or solving math problems. Based on these complex span tasks, WM has

been shown to predict performance on a number of higher-order cognitive tasks including reading comprehension (Daneman & Carpenter, 1980), vocabulary learning (Daneman & Green, 1986), and performance on the SATs (Turner & Engle, 1989). Likewise, WM span tasks have been shown to predict performance on a number of attention and inhibition tasks (Engle and Kane, 2004, McVay and Kane, 2012 and Unsworth and Spillers, 2010a), as well as predict performance on a number of secondary or long-term memory

tasks (Unsworth, 2010 and Unsworth et al., 2009). Furthermore, these tasks have been shown to predict important phenomena such as early onset Alzheimer’s (Rosen, Bergeson, Putnam, Harwell, & Sunderland, 2002), life-event stress (Klein & Boals, 2001), aspects of personality (Unsworth, Miller, Lakey, Young, Meeks & Campbell, 2009), susceptibility to choking under pressure (Beilock & Carr, GDC-0449 manufacturer 2005), and stereotype threat 3-oxoacyl-(acyl-carrier-protein) reductase (Schamader & Johns, 2003). It is clear from a number of studies that WM has substantial predictive power in terms of predicting performance on a number of measures. In particular, the relation between WM and fluid intelligence has received a considerable amount of attention. Fluid intelligence (gF), which is the ability to solve

novel reasoning problems, has been extensively researched and shown to correlate with a number of important skills such as comprehension, problem solving, and learning (Cattell, 1971), and has been found to be an important predictor of a number of real world behaviors including performance in educational settings (Deary, Strand, Smith, & Fernandes, 2007) as well as overall health and mortality (Gottfredson & Deary, 2004). Beginning with the work of Kyllonen and Christal (1990) research has suggested that there is a strong link between individual differences in WM and gF. In particular, this work suggests that at an individual task level measures of WM correlate with gF measures around .45 (Ackerman, Beier, & Boyle, 2005) and at the latent level WM and gF are correlated around .72 (Kane, Hambrick, & Conway, 2005). Thus, at a latent level WM and gF seem to share approximately half of their variance.