We would like to mention, that due to limited time of intraoperative study

we did not use power Doppler, which is more sensitive to slow flow than color flow Doppler and could give even more accurate information about SSS patency. CCDS is not invasive but requires removal of bone overlying the SSS which is not adequate in some cases like in small PSM. CCDS consumes little time (3–10 min) and is safe since neither one of our 30 patients had infectious or any other related complications. Thus, intraoperative CYC202 cost CCDS is safe and allows evaluation of SSS patency as well as venous lacunae, bridging veins and inferior sagittal sinus, classification according to degree of SSS invasion, and being more precise than MR venography it can be used to determine surgical strategy. The most rate of false-positive

results of complete occlusion according to our study was observed in the anterior third of the SSS. “
“Recently a vascular hypothesis about the cause of MS was proposed [1] and [2], pursuing the impairment of the http://www.selleckchem.com/products/AZD8055.html cerebral venous drainage as a main factor in determining the manifestation of the disease and the disability, through the combination of multiple site venous lesions, mainly in the extracranial location. Five criteria were elaborated for the ultrasound identification of the more significant venous abnormalities (four criteria for the extracranial veins and one criterion for the intracranial veins), and the authors proposed that the presence of two or more positive criteria are

Tenoxicam diagnostic for a congenital malformation of the venous outflow, called by them CCSVI [2] and [3]: 1. reflux constantly present in IJV or vertebral veins (VVs) with the head at 0° and 90° assessed as flow reversal from its physiologic direction for a duration of >0.88 s during a short period of apnea following a normal exhalation Both the careful reading and analysis of the ultrasound protocol described and applied by the proposing authors [1] and [2] and the negative findings of standardized ultrasound studies from other groups [4], [5], [6] and [7], raised many doubts about the ability of these criteria to provide a reliable evaluation of the cerebral venous hemodynamics. These considerations suggested to make efforts for identifying, applying and validating other ultrasound-assessable items for describing the venous hemodynamics. FISM, a non-profit organization, is the promoter of a multicentre study, with the aim of obtaining the best response about the proposed hypothesis of a venous involvement in for people with MS worldwide. It will be possible through a study of large sample size to estimate the prevalence of venous abnormalities in MS, compared with the observed rate in normal controls and in patients affected by other neurologic diseases.