We compared the respondents’ management against evidence-based practice.

The survey took the form of a questionnaire, which was sent to members of The Association of Paediatric Anaesthetists (APAGBI) and to Royal College tutors. The questionnaire was sent in paper format to the College Tutors and in digital format to APAGBI members. Emphasis was placed upon preoperative preparation, induction

technique, airway management, analgesia, postoperative nausea and vomiting strategy, fluid management and emergence from anesthesia.

Responses were obtained from 173 individuals representing a broad cross-section of anesthetists from teaching and district general hospitals. Findings are as follows: the application of topical anesthetic cream is commonplace (93%), with Ametop((R)) being the primary preparation used; the intravenous route was preferred to induce LDN-193189 anesthesia; most practitioners intubate the trachea to maintain the airway during anesthesia

(79%); a muscle relaxant was employed to assist intubation of the trachea in 47% of respondents and the routine use of suxamethonium was reported to be uncommon (9%); the administration of prophylactic ondansetron and dexamethasone was reported by 79% and 70% of respondents respectively; and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used by 77% of individuals either pre-emptively or during SB203580 the intraoperative period.

Whilst there is individual variability in the management of these cases, the majority of anesthetists prefer the intravenous route for induction of anesthesia, after application of topical anesthetic cream. It is routine practice to intubate the trachea, administer paracetamol, NSAIDs, strong opiates and antiemetics.”
“Commercially used per- and polyfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have been widely detected in humans, but the sources of human exposure are not fully characterized.

The objectives of this study were to assess the relative importance of different exposure pathways of PFCs in a group of Norwegians and compare estimated intakes with internal doses obtained through biomonitoring. Individual PFC intakes from multiple exposure sources for a study group of 41 Norwegian women were estimated using measured NSC23766 solubility dmso PFC concentrations in indoor air and house dust as well as information from food frequency questionnaires and PFC concentrations in Norwegian food. Food was generally the major exposure source, representing 67-84% of the median total intake for PFOA and 88-99% for PFOS using different dust ingestion rates and biotransformation factors of ‘precursor’ compounds. However, on an individual basis, the indoor environment accounted for up to around 50% of the total intake for several women. Significant positive associations between concentrations of PFCs in house dust and the corresponding serum concentrations underline the importance of indoor environment as an exposure pathway for PFCs.