We also attempted to assess the influence of other important vari

We also attempted to assess the influence of other important variables: age, and the affective factor of psychopathy. A systematic search of electronic databases and

a subsequent manual search identified 26 studies that included 29 experiments (N=1376) involving six emotion categories (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise) across three modalities (facial, vocal, postural). Meta-analyses BAY 11-7082 price found evidence of pervasive impairments across modalities (facial and vocal) with significant deficits evident for several emotions (i.e., not only fear and sadness) in both adults and children/adolescents. These results are consistent with recent theorizing that the amygdala, which is believed to be dysfunctional in psychopathy, has a broad role in emotion processing. We discuss limitations of the available data that restrict the ability of meta-analysis to consider find more the influence of age

and separate the sub-factors of psychopathy, highlighting important directions for future research. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Objective: We report a retrospective analysis of our experience in bypass vein graft surgery to lateral tarsal, medial plantar, and lateral plantar arteries for treatment of critical limb ischemia (CLI).

Methods: Between January 1991 and February 2010, we performed 137 inframalleolar bypass graft surgeries; of these, 25 (18%) were conducted using foot branch arteries for distal implant. All patients were treated for CLI and most had extensive infrapopliteal PIK3C2G atherosclerotic disease (TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus D). Mean follow-up was 46.32 months (range, 0-144 months). Main end points analyzed were cumulative patency, limb salvage, and survival. Statistic analysis of all end points was performed using Kaplan-Meier survival curves.

Results: There was a predominance of men (64%), and the group mean age was 66.3 years. Diabetes mellitus was the main associated disease. Eighty percent of ulcers or gangrene were restricted to the midfoot (Rutherford V CLI classification). There was a predominance of short-length grafts using the great saphenous

vein as the main conduit (72%). The medial plantar artery was the main outflow artery (52%). Early graft occlusion occurred in four patients (primary failure rate, 16%). Secondary patency at 1 and 3 years was 49% and 36.8%, respectively, and limb salvage was 81.7% and 69%, respectively. Nine major amputations occurred, and 10 other minor amputations were necessary. Survival rate at 3 years was 65.4%, and 67% of patients maintained ambulation. Surgical mortality was 8%. No condition was associated with worse results with regard to secondary patency, limb salvage, or survival.

Conclusions: Long-term results for developed foot branch bypass demonstrated good results for limb salvage, and it is an acceptable surgery for patients with extensive atherosclerotic disease. (J Vasc Surg 2012; 55: 746-52.

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