Then, 100 μL whole blood was labeled with phycoerythrin (PE)-conjugated anti-human VEGFR2 and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated anti-human CD34 (BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ USA) by incubating for 30 min at 4°C according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. Fluorescent isotype matched antibodies IgG1-FITC/IgG1-PE (BD) were used as controls. The suspension was then incubated with fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) lysing solution (BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ USA) for 10 min, according Talazoparib mw to the manufacturer’s instructions. After washing in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and fixation in 1% formaldehyde, samples were analyzed on a FACSCalibur

Instrument (BD). The percentage of double-positive mononuclear cells (CD34+/VEGFR2+) was converted to cells per ml of peripheral blood using the complete blood count (CBC). Quantitative real-time RT-PCR To quantify EPC-specific gene expression, peripheral blood was incubated for 10 minutes with red blood cell lysing buffer (Sigma, Munich, Germany) and then centrifuged at 16,000 rpm for 20 seconds at 4°C. selleck chemicals llc Total RNA isolation was performed using Trizol (Invitrogen) and cDNA was synthesized from each blood sample with the SuperScript II Reverse Transcriptase kit (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Real-time PCR (25-μl reactions) using SYBR® GreenER qPCR SuperMix Universal S (Invitrogen, USA)

was performed in triplicate in the Mx3000p Real Time PCR System (Stratagene, USA). The following thermal cycling conditions were used: 10 sec at 95°C followed by 40 cycles of 15 sec at 95°C, 20 sec at 60°C, and 7 sec at 72°C. A no-template control (replacing RNA with water) was used as a negative control. Target gene expression was determined using the 2-ΔΔCt method and normalized

using β-actin as an internal control. To determine PCR amplification efficiency, standard curves were constructed using different concentrations of template cDNA for CD34, VEGFR-2, and β-actin. For all genes, the correlation coefficient of the standard curves was 0.98 or higher, and MTMR9 amplification efficiency was near 1.0. The primer sequences used for real-time PCR were as follows: VEGFR2, 5′-CAC CAC TCA AAC GCT GAC ATG TA-3′ and 5′-GCT CGT TGG CGC ACT CTT-3′; CD34, 5′-TTG ACA ACA ACG GTA CTG CTA C-3′ and 5′-TGG TGA ACA CTG TGC TGA TTA C-3′; and β-actin, 5′-TCT GGC ACC ACA CCT TCT AC-3′ and 5′-CTC CTT AAT GTC ACG CAC GAT TTC-3′. Plasma Assays Blood levels of VEGF and MMP-9 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit (R&D Systems, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Statistical Analysis Statistical analyses were performed with Statistical Package for Social Sciences 13.0 software (SPSS, USA). The Mann-Whitney U test and Student’s t-test was used to compare variables between the two groups. Overall survival analyses were performed using the Kaplan-Meier method.