Supernatants were collected, and the production of IFN-α was determined by human IFN-α enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Abcys). Macaque blood from healthy animals was a gift from INSERM UMR-S 864. HBV recombinant baculovirus constructions, stock productions,

titrations, concentrations, and transductions of mammalian cells were described previously.12 Protein-free viral DNA [covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) and baculovirus DNA] was separated from protein-linked viral DNA (relaxed circular, linear, and single-strand intermediates) by potassium chloride http://www.selleckchem.com/products/acalabrutinib.html precipitation.13 cccDNA detection after rolling circle amplification and analyses of HBV RNA synthesis and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) secretion were performed as described previously.12, 14, 15 Quantification of intracellular and extracellular HBV DNA

was performed with real-time polymerase chain reaction and analyzed by the second derivative maximum method with relative quantification software (LightCycler, Roche Diagnostics) with the following primers: HBV1844 (5′-GTTGCCCGTTTGTCCTCTAATTC-3′) and HBV1745 (5′-GGAGGGATACATAGAGGTTCCTTGA-3′).16, 17 The supernatant from Bac-HBV–transduced PMHs was clarified Palbociclib by centrifugation for 5 minutes at 5000g and filtered (0.45 μM) before being concentrated 200 times with Centricon 70 columns (Millipore). One-tenth of the concentrated supernatant was subjected to a cesium chloride (CsCl) gradient to analyze the quality of the product as described previously,16, 17 and one-tenth was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy as previously described.12 As we failed to obtain satisfactory HBV replication after direct 上海皓元 infection with HBV particles or transfection with an HBV-replicating competent plasmid (data not shown), a baculovirus vector was used to deliver the HBV genome into PMHs. Indeed, we and others have demonstrated the ability of baculovirus vectors to deliver the HBV genome into a high number of cells and trigger the production of huge amounts of HBV proteins, RNA,

DNA, and infectious particles without any toxicity.12, 18 A 1.1-genome-length HBV recombinant baculovirus (Bac-HBV-1.1-WT) in which pregenomic RNA expression is under the control of a strong mammalian promoter was used to transduce freshly prepared PMHs at different multiplicities of infection (MOIs). Intermediates of HBV replication were analyzed at various time points post-transduction (PT). HBV RNA and secreted HBsAg were detected 24 hours PT and remained detectable until the end of the experiment on day 9 PT (Fig. 1A,B). HBV DNA replicative intermediates, including cccDNA, were also detected from 24 hours PT until day 9 (Fig. 1C,D). Moreover, levels of HBV replication clearly increased with the MOI. Similar results were obtained with PMHs transduced with Bac-HBV-1.