Such coinfections are frequently observed in VL symptomatic dogs (Oliveira et al., 2008) and, occasionally, neoplastic disease, especially hematopoietic tumors, are involved (Foglia Manzillo et al., 2008). Observation of apoptosis in T lymphocytes from symptomatic naturally infected dogs, confirming studies in patients with acute visceral leishmaniais where CD4+ T cells from PBMC undergo significant levels of apoptosis (Potestio

et al., 2004). Similarities observed in immunological response between naturally infected dogs and patients with acute VL suggest that the dog is an excellent model for studying new therapies. Taken together, these data indicate that in infected dogs, the immunosuppression associated with chronic infection is due to accelerated rates of T cell

apoptosis and this mechanism NU7441 nmr could contribute to white pulp disorganization in the spleen and diminished T cell levels in peripheral blood. The present results could contribute to improving current understanding of the immune response in dogs infected with L. (L.) chagasi, while additional studies would further our understanding concerning apoptosis and other immune mediators in dogs naturally infected with this disease. The I-BET151 clinical trial authors are grateful to the FAPESP and FUNDUNESP for financially supporting this project. “
“Rhipicephalus microplus (Canestrini, 1887) is considered the most important parasite of cattle in terms of economic losses and damage to animal health ( FAO, 2004). The use of acaricides is the major method for controlling these ticks in Brazil, where the local issue of acaricide resistance is critical because of growing resistance to organophosphates ( Patarroyo and Costa, 1980), synthetic pyrethroids ( Fernandes, 2001), amitraz ( Santamaría Vargas et al., 2003), ivermectin (IVM) ( Martins and Furlong, 2001) and fipronil ( Castro-Janer et al., 2010b). STK38 IVM, which is an endectocide of the chemical group macrocyclic

lactones (ML), has been used since 1981 (Bloomfield, 1988) for the control of internal and external parasites of cattle and is one of the most commonly used drugs for the control of R. microplus in Brazil ( Mendes et al., 2011). It is known that a high number of treatments for long periods can select for resistance of R. microplus to acaricides ( Kunz and Kemp, 1994). However, there is little information about IVM resistance. The resistance of the cattle tick to IVM was first detected in Brazil in 2001 in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (Martins and Furlong, 2001) and later in the state of São Paulo, Brazil (Klafke et al., 2006), two important Brazilian states for the production of dairy cattle (IBGE, 2008). The resistance to IVM was recently detected in dairy and beef ranches in Mexico (Perez-Cogollo et al., 2010a and Perez-Cogollo et al., 2010b) and beef ranches in Uruguay Castro-Janer et al. (2011).