SR carried out the identification and implementation of the WT strain controls. PHMS and CVG participated in the design of the study and helped to draft the manuscript. CVG conceived the study, and participated in its design and coordination. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Bacterial https://www.selleckchem.com/products/bmn-673.html vaginosis (BV) is worldwide the most important perturbation of the normal vaginal condition in women [1]. BV affects pregnant women or women in reproductive

age leading to high public health costs and associated complications, such as pelvic inflammatory disease, preterm birth, postoperative infections and an increased risk of acquisition and transmission of sexually transmitted diseases, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human papillomavirus

(HPV) [1, 2]. Several studies have selleck products associated this condition with an imbalance in the vaginal microflora although BV etiology is still unclear [3–5]. BV has been described as a complex interaction of multiple factors related with several components of the vaginal microbial ecosystem and their human host, although many of these factors remain uncharacterized [2, 6]. When BV is established, a decrease in the beneficial TGFbeta inhibitor bacteria number, specifically Lactobacillus spp., and an increase in the numbers of anaerobic bacteria, such as Gardnerella vaginalis, Atopobium vaginae and Mobiluncus spp., are observed in the vaginal epithelium [7, 8]. The disruption of the normal microflora and overgrowth by anaerobes are responsible for the BV signs and symptoms, namely the increase in vaginal pH (pH ≥ 4.5), the formation of vaginal biofilms on vaginal epithelia, observable as clue cells [9], fishy odor and milky vaginal discharge in the absence of an inflammatory response [9, 10]. Although BV is often considered a polymicrobial condition, the predominant bacterial species identified is G. vaginalis[2]. In 2005, Swidsinski and colleagues characterized clinical vaginal swabs and found that a multispecies biofilm was formed, which was mainly

composed of G. vaginalis and Atopobium vaginae. They hypothesized that G. vaginalis is the initial colonizing species and that its adherence is required very before other BV-associated anaerobes are able to interact with the vaginal epithelium [10]. Due to G. vaginalis resistance against Lactobacillus spp. antimicrobial products, such as hydrogen peroxide and lactic acid [11, 12], biofilm forming G. vaginalis might compete in initial adhesion against Lactobacillus spp. and may enable other anaerobes to incorporate and grow inside the biofilm [13]. Therefore, the development of an optimized and rapid diagnostic tool that allows the simultaneous visualization of G. vaginalis increase and Lactobacillus species reduction in vaginal samples could be of great use for further study of the previous hypothesis and as a diagnostic tool.