Samples were normalized for loading with respect to culture density. Lanes containing standard protein markers (M) and intact BSA are shown for reference. (C) Cell-free supernatants prepared as described in (B) were analyzed by Western blotting using anti-Sap2p antibodies CBL0137 manufacturer (from M. Monod). The triple deletion mutant strain sap1-3Δ (from B. Hube) was used as a negative control. rSap2 indicates purified recombinant Sap2p (from M. Monod) used as a positive control. We next assayed secreted phospholipase and lipase activity on egg-yolk agar and YNB-Tween 80 plates, respectively. Both

phospholipase and lipase are active on egg-yolk agar plates whereas YNB-Tween 80 plates are more specific for lipase activity [28]. The sur7Δ null mutant strain produced almost undetectable amounts of precipitation on YNB-Tween plates but only slightly less degradative activity on egg-yolk agar plates compared with control strain DAY185 and the SUR7 complemented strain (Fig. 9), thus suggesting impaired lipase secretion. Figure 9 Extracellular lipolytic activity of the C. albicans sur7 Δ null mutant. Overnight cultures

were spotted onto YNB-Tween 80 and Egg-yolk agar plates and incubated at 37°C. The relative amount of lipolytic and phospholytic degradation is indicated by the halo of precipitation surrounding the fungal colony. Phospholipases and lipases are active on Egg-yolk agar medium whereas only lipases are active on YNB-Tween 80 agar medium [28]. Absence of C. albicans SUR7 TH-302 clinical trial increases adherence Adhesion plays a critical role in the early stages of C. albicans infection, and several secreted and cell wall-associated proteins contribute to this Selleck Buparlisib mechanism of pathogenesis (reviewed in [29] and [30]). Thus, given the observed secretory clonidine and cell wall defects of the sur7Δ strain, we next compared the degree of adhesion between the sur7Δ null mutant and control strains using a standard assay for adherence to polystyrene. Adherence was assayed in both RPMI-1640 (filamentation-inducing conditions) and PBS (non-inducing conditions). An increase

in adherence was observed in the sur7Δ null mutant strain compared to SUR7 + strains (Table 3, p < 0.0001) in either RPMI-1640 or PBS. Table 3 Adhesion of C. albicans strains to polystyrene.   Relative adherence units   WT sur7 Δ* sur7 Δ + SUR7 PBS 0.798 ± 0.024 1.310 ± 0.035 0.801 ± 0.012 RPMI-1640 0.621 ± 0.006 0.776 ± 0.007 0.643 0.019 *p-value < 0.0001 The C. albicans sur7Δ mutant forms an aberrant biofilm We next examined the role of C. albicans SUR7 in biofilm formation, a key contributor to Candida pathogenesis. The C. albicans sur7Δ mutant formed a sparse biofilm, with a patchy distribution when examined by light microscopy (data not shown). Because the C. albicans sur7Δ mutant in planktonic culture generated increased XTT activity compared to controls (data not shown), we used an alternative method to measure biofilm mass.