One of the key issues when using plasma spectroscopy Site URL List 1|]# lies in the correct selection of the emission lines chosen to calculate the output monitoring parameter. On the one hand, and depending on the selected instrumentation, there can be ambiguities on the emission line identification, what can end in unexpected results. On the other hand, and especially when defect classification is required, i.e., to be able to distinguish among different types of defects, it would be highly interesting to know which emission lines allow a better discrimination for classification purposes.We have conducted some previous studies by using PCA (Principal Component Analysis) and SFFS (Sequential Forward Floating Selection) to feed an Artificial Neural Network [21,22].
The use of SFFS allows to gain knowledge about the best spectral bands selected.
This will be used in this paper to propose a scheme based on both the SFFS algorithm and the line-to-continuum method [23] to generate the required output monitoring profiles. The line-to-continuum method implies the use of only a single emission line that, in addition, does not need to be identified, i.e., associated with its chemical species.2.?Plasma Optical Spectroscopy for Welding DiagnosticsThe plasma electron temperature has been widely used as the output monitoring parameter for welding diagnostics, given the known correlation between its profiles and the appearance of defects in the seams.
There are basically two approaches that are employed in Brefeldin_A the literature: a precise estimation of Te can be obtained with the Boltzmann-plot method [23]:ln(Imn��mnAmngm)=ln(hcNZ)?EmkTe(1)where several emission lines from the same species are involved in the calculations.
In the previous equation Imn is the relative intensity of the chosen emission line, m and n the upper and lower states, respectively, ��mn the central wavelength AV-951 associated with the line, Amn the transition probability, gm the statistical weight, h the Planck’s constant, c the light velocity, N the population density of the state m, Z the partition function, Em the upper level energy and k the Boltzmann constant. Te can be obtained if the left-hand side of Equation (1) is represented versus Em, given that the slope of the resulting line is inversely proportional to the temperature.
On the other hand, and due to considerations regarding the computational performance of the monitoring system, which determines its spatial resolution, a simplification of the Boltzmann-plot method, where only two emission lines are involved, is typically used:Te=Em(2)?Em(1)kln[Em(1)I(1)A(2)gm(2)��(1)Em(2)I(2)A(1)gm(1)��(2)](2)This equation was proposed by Marotta Site URL List 1|]# [24] for arc-welding processes.