In this study a genetic approach was taken to delineate the roles of agaA, agaI, and agaS in the Aga/Gam pathway in E. coli. These studies were carried out in parallel using E. coli O157:H7 strain EDL933 and in E. coli C. E. coli C was chosen because, unlike E. coli O157:H7, it does not have the mutations in agaC and agaI and also because it is Gam+, one can study the roles of agaI and agaS RGFP966 mouse in Gam utilization. We show using knockout mutants and by complementation studies that agaA is not

essential for Aga utilization and that AgaA and NagA can function as deacetylases in both the Aga and the GlcNAc pathways. The phenotype of deleting agaR in a nagA strain was also studied but only in E. coli C. Expression

analysis of the relevant genes of these two pathways by quantitative real time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) validated our conclusions. We also show that in the absence of agaI, nagB or both agaI and nagB, utilization of Aga and Gam is not affected which contradicts our initial hypothesis that nagB might substitute for the absence of agaI in E. coli O157:H7 [12]. Finally, we show that utilization of both Aga and Gam is blocked in agaS knockout mutants and we propose that this gene codes for Gam-6-P deaminase/isomerase. [Part of this work was presented www.selleckchem.com/products/MDV3100.html by the authors as a poster in the 112th General Meeting of ASM, San Francisco, June 16th-19th, 2012: A Genetic Approach to Study Utilization of N-Acetyl-D-Galactosamine and D-Galactosamine in Escherichia coli Strains O157:H7 and C (Abstract K-1351)]. Results and Discussion Growth of ΔagaA, ΔnagA, and ΔagaA ΔnagA mutants on Aga and GlcNAc The role of the agaA gene in Aga utilization was tested by constructing agaA deletion mutants in EDL933 and in E. coli C and analyzing them for growth on Aga and GlcNAc minimal medium plates. Unexpectedly, the utilization of Aga was unaffected in both

ΔagaA mutant strains (Figure 2A). However, the ΔagaA mutants were unaffected in GlcNAc utilization (Figure 2B) and this was not unexpected because the nagA gene is intact. As mentioned above, earlier genetic studies implied that Aga can be utilized by the GlcNAc pathway provided nagA is present [6]. Assuming that an unknown deacetylase is not involved Cobimetinib mouse in Aga-6-P deacetylation, the most likely explanation how ΔagaA mutants grew on Aga would be that Aga-6-P is deacetylated by NagA. Therefore, the presence of either agaA or nagA should be sufficient for growth on Aga. To test this unequivocally, ΔnagA mutants and double knockout mutants, ΔagaA ΔnagA, of EDL933 and E. coli C were constructed and examined for Aga and GlcNAc utilization. EDL933 ΔnagA and E. coli C ΔnagA grew on Aga but did not grow on GlcNAc (Figures 2A and 2B). These results essentially confirmed earlier reports that nagA mutants of E. coli K-12 cannot grow on GlcNAc but can grow on Aga [2, 4, 6].