In this case, PbS NPs are much longer protected by these walls from the atmosphere oxygen, and their optical properties remain unchanged for months (Figure 9). Figure 9 Absorption spectra of PbS nanoparticles created by fs laser at different times after irradiation. Left, sample irradiated with 40 mW, mean NP size 8 nm. Right, sample irradiated with 10 mW, mean NP size 4 nm. (Curve a) Just after irradiation, (curve b) 50 days after irradiation, and (curve c) 100 days after the initial irradiation. Adapted from [40]. Conclusions Our experience is rich of various photoinscriptions of NP in bulk xerogels. The growth of NPs

Rapamycin supplier depends on the laser power, the precursor’s concentration, and a parameter which is difficult to control, the reaction or diffusion efficiency. If this parameter is high, the pore walls can be broken by the rapid expansion of the growing particles. Particle sizes obtained in different conditions are compiled in Table 1, where a correlation with the photoprocess efficiency is reported. With each type of laser having its own advantages,

we now aim to provide an effective method to generate localized NP in a dense glass without post-annealing. In this remaining technological challenge lies the key for future photonic devices. Selleck LY2606368 However, densification of silica xerogels after the NP formation would require temperatures as high as 1,100°C, implying the NP destruction. So, the prospects should be turned toward the multicomponent glasses that have lower melting temperature and higher atom mobility. A possibility to avoid post-annealing treatment after fs irradiation would also be to use higher

pulse cadency to provoke simultaneous metal ion reduction and heat accumulation [43]. It is expected that this work on xerogels will pave the way to future optical waveguiding Elongation factor 2 kinase devices. Table 1 NP size: correlation with photoprocess efficiency Compound Mean NP size (nm) CW Mean NP size (nm) ns Mean NP size (nm) fs Ag 10 to 20, ME     CdS 4 to 8, HE 3 to 8a, LE 2 to 3, LE Au 5 to 15, HE   20, HE PbS 8 to 11, HE   4 to 8, HE aAccording to [24]: pore size, 7 nm, precursors Cd nitrate + ammonium thiocyanate. HE, high efficiency; ME, moderate efficiency; LE, low efficiency. Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge financial supports from the French National Agency (ANR) in the frame of its program in Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies (POMESCO project), the ‘Conseil Régional Nord Pas de Calais Picardie,’ and the ‘Fonds Européen de Développement Economique des Régions’. References 1. Kreibig U, Vollmer M: Optical Properties of Metal Clusters. Berlin: Springer; 1995.CrossRef 2. Hache F, Ricard D, Flytzanis C, Kreibig U: The optical Kerr effect in small metal particles and metal colloids: the case of gold. Appl Phys A 1988, 47:347–357.CrossRef 3.