In general, the increase in biomass observed at the end of cultivations (Figure 1A) suggests that these diamines acted as sources of carbon and energy (C) and/or nitrogen (N),

thereby supplementing the basal CDK inhibitor review medium sources (starch and PROFLO®). Cephamycin C production was evaluated at several lysine and alpha-aminoadipic acid concentrations (Figures 2 and 3). Consistent with the literature, high concentrations of exogenous lysine strongly affected cephamycin C production [20, 28]. After adding 14.6 g l-1 of this amino acid, biomass almost doubled (Figure 2A) and cephamycin C production increased about Entospletinib supplier six fold (Figure 2B) as compared to data from the basal medium. However, residual concentration values of this amino acid at 14.6 g l-1 and 18.3 g l-1 of lysine were approximately 25% and Selleckchem R406 35%, respectively. This surplus was not observed at concentrations lower than 11 g l-1. Moreover,

a fivefold global increase in antibiotic volumetric production was obtained between 0 and 11 g l-1 of lysine, whereas biomass increased only 1.5 times. Figure 2 Effect of biomass and cephamycin C with lysine. Biomass (A), cephamycin C concentration (CephC) (B), and specific production (C) obtained from batch cultivations in shaken-flasks of basal medium with no antibiotic-production enhancing compound (control condition) and with lysine (Lys) at different concentration values; the cultures were performed in triplicate. Figure 3 Effect of biomass and cephamycin C with alpha-aminoadipic acid. Biomass (A), cephamycin C concentration (CephC) (B), and specific production (C) obtained from batch cultivations in shaken-flasks of basal medium with no antibiotic-production enhancing compound (control condition) and with alpha-aminoadipic acid (AAA) at different concentration values; the cultures were performed in triplicate.

Adding up to 1.6 g l-1 Cyclooxygenase (COX) of alpha-aminoadipic acid did not influence biomass formation, which was in the same order of magnitude as that in the basal medium with no additives. Adding 0.64 g l-1 of alpha-aminoadipic acid to the basal medium resulted in the largest increase in cephamycin C production, four times larger than that obtained with the basal medium. Alpha-aminoadipic acid concentrations higher than 0.64 g l-1 did not promote higher antibiotic volumetric production, in spite of the amino acid having been completely consumed. Henriksen et al. [44] reported that alpha-aminoadipic acid can be metabolized into 6-oxo-piperideine-2-carboxylic acid (OPC), which is secreted into the culture medium during penicillin production by P. chrysogenum. The authors suggested that OPC formation would divert alpha-aminoadipic acid from antibiotic synthesis and lead to lower levels of penicillin production. A similar phenomenon may have occurred in S. clavuligerus.