In Europe both the amplitude and the magnitude of outbreaks of HFRS have increased. The mechanisms that drive the incidences are complex and multi-factorial and only partially due to increased awareness and improved diagnostic tools. Risk determinants include reservoir ecology, virus ecology and anthropogenic factors. The dogma of one specific rodent species as primordial reservoir for a specific hantavirus is increasingly challenged. New hantaviruses have been discovered in shrews, moles and bats and

increasing evidence points at host-switching events and co-circulation in multiple, sympatric reservoir species, challenging Selleck Vorinostat the strict rodent-virus co-evolution theory. Changing landscape attributes and climatic parameters determine fluctuations in hantavirus epidemiology, for instance through increased food availability,

prolonged virus survival and decreased biodiversity.”
“OBJECTIVE: To determine the utility of pulse pressure variation (Delta RESPPP) in predicting fluid responsiveness Bcl-xL protein in patients ventilated with low tidal volumes (V-T) and to investigate whether a lower Delta RESPPP cut-off value should be used when patients are ventilated with low tidal volumes.

METHOD: This cross-sectional observational study included 37 critically ill patients with acute circulatory failure who required fluid challenge. The patients were sedated and mechanically ventilated with a

V-T of 6-7 ml/kg ideal body weight, which was monitored with a pulmonary artery catheter and an arterial line. The mechanical ventilation and hemodynamic parameters, including Delta RESPPP, were measured before and after fluid challenge with 1,000 ml crystalloids or 500 ml colloids. Fluid responsiveness was defined as an increase in the cardiac index of at least 15%. ClinicalTrial.gov: NCT01569308.

RESULTS: A total of 17 patients were classified as responders. Analysis of the area under the ROC curve (AUC) showed that the optimal cut-off point for Delta RESPPP to predict fluid responsiveness was 10% (AUC = 0.74). Adjustment of the Delta RESPPP to account for driving pressure did not improve the accuracy (AUC = 0.76). A Delta RESPPP >= 10% was a better predictor of fluid TGF-beta inhibitor responsiveness than central venous pressure (AUC = 0.57) or pulmonary wedge pressure (AUC = 051). Of the 37 patients, 25 were in septic shock. The AUC for Delta RESPPP >= 10% to predict responsiveness in patients with septic shock was 0.84 (sensitivity, 78%; specificity, 93%).

CONCLUSION: The parameter Delta RESPPP has limited value in predicting fluid responsiveness in patients who are ventilated with low tidal volumes, but a Delta RESPPP. 10% is a significant improvement over static parameters. A Delta RESPPP >= 10% may be particularly useful for identifying responders in patients with septic shock.