In contrast, little/moderate use decreased among those not participating in organisations and no use increased among those not participating in organisations. We can conclude kinase inhibitor that organisational participation was associated with improved use of IPM over time, compared to the decline in use among

those not in organisations, consistent with the broader context of smallholder agriculture. Table 3 Use of IPM, stratified by participation in organisations Then we estimated coefficients using model B, with adjustment for relevant covariates and incorporating time of measurement (table 4). We can see that the coefficient of association between the implementation of IPM practices for the category good/very good and neurocognitive performance when small farmers were involved in organisations was negative and moderate (β=—0.17, SE 0.21), but not significant (p>0.1). When farmers did not belong to organisations, the association coefficient for the relationship studied was higher and significant (β=0.79, SE 0.39, p<0.05). Table 4 Adjusted coefficients†

of multivariate linear regression (β)‡ (SE) for the association between the use of IPM practices and neurocognitive performance, stratified by participation in organisations Discussion The findings of this study suggest that organisations as structures of social capital seem to be functional in the social reproduction process of the communities studied. These observations have been reported by other authors,5–13 who report that social structures and forms of social capital—such as information and practices—facilitated

by the organisations are conditioned by their social context; therefore, their effects on population health could depend on this social determination. The results also highlight the need to redirect the analysis of social capital to a more integral study of social determinants, without considering social capital exclusively as a psychosocial factor with little connection to its context. Contextualising the findings of the present and prior Drug_discovery study2 according to the definition provided by Bourdieu,14 it is possible to affirm that social capital refers to the actual or potential resources that people access through membership in an institutionalised network of known and recognised relationships. According to that author, what are exchanged through social capital can become material or symbolic profits. The combined results of this study and our prior research2 suggest that in the case of small-scale farming communities with high levels of social cohesion,2 in which the population is sensitised to the impact of agricultural production processes on human health, organisations can provide resources such as information and practices but they may not reduce health risks.