FA exhibits a wide range of biomedical effects including antioxidant, antiallergic, hepatoprotective, anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, vasodilatory effect, antithrombotic, and helps to increase the viability of sperms [1], [17], [62] and [67]. Also it has applications in food preservation as a cross linking agent [61], photoprotective constituent in sunscreens and skin lotions [68]. An amide derivative of FA, formed by the condensation of FA with tyramine may be used as an indicator of environmental

stress in plants. In baking industry, amides of FA with amino acids or dipeptides are commonly used for the purpose of preservation [17]. In many countries, use of FA as food additive has been approved by their government as it affectively scavenges superoxide anion radical, and inhibits the lipid peroxidation [72]. Like several other phenols, FA also exhibits antioxidant activity in response Epacadostat clinical trial to free radicals via donating one hydrogen atom from its phenolic hydroxyl group, as a result it shows strong anti-inflammatory activity in a carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model and other similar Dabrafenib mw systems [34], [55] and [62]. It has been

revealed that the antioxidant capacity of phenolic acid is equivalent to lecithin upon comparison with ghee on inhibition of time dependent peroxide value. The resonance stabilization of FA is the main cause of its antioxidant nature. In addition, the reactive oxygen species of FA show the scavenging effect, which is similar to that of superoxide dismutase [17]. Diabetes, most widespread endocrine disorder in human beings, is characterized by hyperglycemia, over-production of free radicals and oxidative stress [4]. Due to the oxidative stress, an imbalance is started between the levels of pro-oxidants and antioxidants which lead to cellular injury in biological systems [82]. FA helps in neutralizing the free radicals present in the pancreas, which is produced by the use of streptozotocin, thus it decreases the toxicity of streptozotocin. It has been discussed in literature that the blood out glucose level in case of streptozotocin induced

diabetic animals is controlled by the administration of FA. The reduction in oxidative stress/toxicity might help the β cells to get proliferate and radiate more insulin in the pancreas. Increased secretion of insulin causes increase in the utilization of glucose from extra hepatic tissues that decreases the blood glucose level [5]. Reports are also available on the stimulatory effects of insulin secretion in rat pancreatic RIN-5F cells by FA amide [58]. FA has been used to maintain the color of green peas, prevent discoloration of green tea, and oxidation of banana turning black color i.e., it reduces the bacterial contamination [44]. FA and γ-oryzanol were found to prevent the photo-oxidation of lutein and astaxanthin in Red sea bream [42].