Empowering patients to support HCPs in suspected ADR detection and reporting is essential to strengthening PV systems in Africa. HCPs who had ever

encountered fatal ADRs are keener reporters and can consequently help others to avoid the experience that made them better reporters. HCPs ought to know that they do not have to be certain about selleck chem inhibitor causality to report suspected ADRs. Poor access to suspected ADR forms and lack of feedback on reports are constraints that can be rectified. Supplementary Material Author’s manuscript: Click here to view.(1.6M, pdf) Reviewer comments: Click here to view.(137K, pdf) Acknowledgments The authors wish to thank all the HCPs who agreed to participate in this study. They also thank Huldah Nassali at the National Pharmacovigilance Centre for providing technical support to this project. Finally, RK thanks Noeline Nakasujja at Makerere University College of Health Sciences, and Yukari C Manabe at Johns

Hopkins University for supporting his development of the first three drafts of the manuscript. Footnotes Contributors: RK conceived the study and drafted the manuscript and, along with SMB, participated in its design, implementation, statistical analysis and the drawing of inferences. CK, PW and HBN participated in study design and in the process of manuscript writing. All authors approved the final manuscript. Funding: This work was supported by Training Health Researchers into Vocational Excellence (THRiVE) in East Africa, grant number 087540, funded by the Wellcome Trust; grant number 5R24TW008886 supported

by OGAC, NIH and HRSA; and an African Doctoral Dissertation Research Fellowship award (ADDRF Award 2013 – 2015 ADF 006.) offered by the African Population and Health Research Centre (APHRC) in partnership with the International Development Research Centre (IDRC). SMB holds GSK shares and is funded by Medical Research Council programme number MC_U105260794. Competing interests: None. Ethics approval: Ethical approval was obtained from the School of Medicine Research and Ethics Committee, Makerere University College of Health Sciences and the Uganda National Council for Science and Technology. Provenance and peer review: Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed. Data sharing statement: Categorical data are available from the lead author, RK, by email request to [email protected].
Globally, Cilengitide tobacco smoking presents a significant problem, both in terms of the health of the population and the wider economic impact. No corner of the world is untouched by the effects of tobacco consumption and, in the EU alone, 28% of the population smokes, increasing to 29% in those aged 15–24 years. This results in considerable smoking-related socioeconomic inequalities across all EU member states, which translates to nearly 700 000 premature deaths every year.