Both techniques have been shown to correspond to ash weight measurements [30], [57] and [58], and be a good predictor of bone bending stiffness, correlating well with tissue stiffness and hardness [19], [59], [60] and [61]. In the present work, neither technique indicated any significant changes as a function of treatment. Mineral maturity/crystallinity also contributes to bone strength [2] and [57]. In the present work, there
were no differences between any of the animal groups investigated when equivalent anatomical locations were compared by FTIRI. This may be due to the fact that GSK-3 beta phosphorylation β-APN interferes with collagen post-translational modifications only, and the time of treatment (up to 4 weeks) was not sufficient for the changes in collagen
post-translational modifications to induce significant changes in either mineral amount and/or quality. Bone structural properties were also affected by β-APN treatment. While changes in trabecular BV/TV and TRI-SMI were affected by treatment only, changes in trabecular thickness and DIM-Z as well as cortical thickness were dependent on both animal age Pexidartinib mw and treatment received, thus making it harder to interpret the latter in the context of altered collagen cross-links only (Table 3). These chemical and structural changes most likely contributed to the compromised mechanical properties in the treated animals. One potential reason for these observed changes in structural properties could be the fact that β-APN treatment affects osteoblasts both directly and indirectly [62] and [63], in addition to its well-established effect on collagen post-translational modifications. Unfortunately, the analyses reported in this manuscript cannot discern between
the two effects. Compression mechanical tests indicated differences among the various animal groups in bone stiffness, maximum force to failure, and energy to failure, the first two being affected by both animal age and treatment, while the third only by treatment. Cortical thickness correlated well with stiffness, maximum force to failure and maximum energy to failure. These data suggest a major role of cortical thickness in determining vertebral bone strength and in particular stiffness, a finding that is in agreement with previously Cyclin-dependent kinase 3 published reports [64], [65], [66], [67], [68] and [69]. The biochemically determined Pyd/divalent collagen cross-links ratio correlated with stiffness (inversely), maximum force to failure, and maximum energy to failure (inversely). The fact that collagen cross-links correlate well with vertebral biomechanical properties is in agreement with previously published reports [36]. The spectroscopically determined PYD/divalent collagen cross-link ratio of primary mineralized trabecular bone correlated well with maximum force to failure and stiffness.