Accordingly, they concluded that the cortical-evoked responses following PM reflected forearm muscle afferent inputs. It is thought that PM1 obtained 36 msec after PM in our study reflects muscle afferent selleck chem inputs accompanying muscle stretching and is primarily generated in area 4, same as that observed in case of MEF1. After estimating the best dipole for explaining the major magnetic component of PM1, some sources were identified by the distribution of the residual magnetic fields and located at SMA Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical (n = 12) and/or PPC (n = 7). Time courses of the source activities peaked at 54–109 msec in SMA and 64–114 msec in PPC. In addition, the time course of source activity in area 4 obtained at the peak of PM1 prolonged the activity

for this period. The two peaks of magnetic response following PM agree with those observed in previous reports (e.g., Xiang et al. 1997). However, the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical source locations of PM2 at SMA and PCC over the hemisphere contralateral to the movement are in disagreement with those observed in the previous reports, which estimated that the source 70–100 msec after the onset of PM was located in

area 4/3b (Xiang et al. 1997; Lange et al. 2001), area 4 (Druschky et al. 2003), and cS2 (Alary et al. 2002). Because these studies used a single dipole method to estimate the source locations, it may have been difficult to detect the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical activities of SMA and PPC for consecutive activities in area 4. SMA, traditionally defined as a motor area, is involved in sequencing multiple movements over time, and neurons in SMA are active in relation to a particular order of

forthcoming movements guided by memory (e.g., Tanji 1994). However, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical SMA, the primary motor area, and the primary somatosensory area are activated with PM without muscle Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical contraction (Weiller et al. 1996; Radovanovic et al. 2002). Reddy et al. (2001), using fMRI, reported SMA activation by PM and the total absence of SMA activation during PMs performed by patients with severe distal sensory neuropathy. They concluded that this cortical activation in SMA after PM was dependent on sensory feedback and was unlikely to be due to mental imagery alone. There have been several electrophysiological studies concerning SMA activity following somatosensory stimulation (Reddy et al. 2001). Human studies using subdural electrodes placed over SMA revealed middle latency (50–100 msec)-evoked potentials following median nerve stimulation (Allison et al. 1991; Barba et al. 2005). In GSK-3 addition, using EEG, Tarkka and Hallett (1991a,b) reported that SMA activity peaked approximately 50–100 msec following PM. Somatosensory signals have access to SMA, and the neurons in SMA are activated at latencies that are only slightly longer than latencies at which neurons in area 4 are activated (Wiesendanger 1986). Thus, our selleck bio results indicating SMA activity associated with PM are in agreement with those of previous studies using PET and fMRI (Weiller et al.