A compressed submaximal social defeat protocol was employed to accommodate the time course of HSV expression: animals were injected Selleckchem Vemurafenib daily with saline or cocaine (20 mg/kg/day) for 7 days, followed by 8 defeats over a course of

4 days of twice per day (Figure 5A). Using this compressed protocol, animals receiving prior cocaine still exhibited increased susceptibility to repeated social stress, as evidenced by increased levels of social avoidance (Figure 5B), without deficits in general locomotor activity (Figure 5C), similar to observations using the 8 day submaximal protocol. To test the role of G9a in cocaine-induced vulnerability to social stress, animals were injected once a day for 7 days with cocaine (20 mg/kg/day), before being injected intra-NAc with HSV-GFP or HSV-G9a-GFP,

followed by 8 social defeats over 4 days (Figure 5D). As expected, cocaine-treated HSV-GFP animals displayed increased vulnerability to social stress, Dorsomorphin in vivo as measured by social avoidance behavior. In contrast, cocaine-treated HSV-G9a-GFP animals did not display such deficits (Figure 5E), indicating that increasing G9a expression in NAc after repeated cocaine—and thereby opposing the cocaine-induced repression of endogenous G9a/GLP—is sufficient to prevent drug-induced vulnerability to subsequent stressful experiences without affecting baseline locomotor activity (Figure 5F). To gain insight into the molecular mechanisms by which alterations in G9a/GLP and H3K9me2 in NAc mediate tuclazepam cocaine-induced vulnerability to stress, we focused on BDNF-TrkB signaling, given the considerable overlap between the regulation of this pathway (Figure 6A) in the development of addictive- and depressive-like

behaviors (see Discussion). Animals were treated with repeated cocaine (20 mg/kg/day) once daily for 7 days, before being injected intra-NAc with HSV-GFP or HSV-G9a-GFP, followed by 8 social defeats over 4 days (twice per day) (Figure 6B). As was shown in Figure 5, such G9a “replacement” in NAc after repeated cocaine reversed cocaine’s enhancement of stress vulnerability. At 48 hr after the final defeat experience, virally infected NAc tissue was analyzed for alterations in BDNF-TrkB signaling. Consistent with increased BDNF-TrkB signaling observed in NAc after chronic social defeat stress (see Krishnan et al., 2007), numerous other components of this signaling cascade, not previously examined, were upregulated by social stress in cocaine-experienced animals: including increased levels of phospho-Raf, phospho-MEK1/2, and phospho-CREB (Figure 6C, Figures S5C, S5E, and S5G). Although ERK1/2 has previously been demonstrated to display robust phosphorylation/activation after chronic social stress (Krishnan et al.