Among the www.selleckchem.com/products/ch5424802.html discussed feedstocks, corn stover is currently a number one feedstock that has been used for ethanol production since 2008 and its implementation is expected to grow in each following year. Other plants for ethanol production (e.g., switchgrass, miscanthus, elephant grass,

poplar), or plants for biodiesel production (e.g., camelina, pongamia, pennycress, crambe) have many advantages outperforming the current traditional feedstocks. More R&D studies and experiments are necessary to assess the market viability of those feedstocks and possibilities of their commercialization in the future. Use of bacteria and fungi strains as well as genetic modifications can help to enhance biological abilities of the plants to produce more sugar and oil for ethanol and biodiesel production, respectively. In the mid- and long term, production of cellulosic ethanol and other second generation biofuels (both ethanol and biodiesel) on a large commercial scale will be determined by several factors, mainly production

costs, storage and transportation costs of the feedstock and land use changes. “
“Microorganisms are rarely found in nature as pure cultures and most natural environments are characterized by a great diversity of microbial species interacting in complex ways [14] and [25]. The growth of a microorganism as a pure culture can be substantially selleck compound different from its growth in a mixed culture,

due to microbial interactions [17]. Such interactions may be synergistic or antagonistic in nature, resulting in enhanced or inhibited proliferation. The antagonistic interactions (antimicrobial interactions) are of particular interest in food microbiology, since Vildagliptin they can be used to control the level of pathogenic microorganisms in food products. Synergistic interactions are of great interest for metabolites or enzyme production. In this regard, Leroi and Courcoux [11] demonstrated the stimulation of lactic acid production in Lactobacillus hilgardii when this strain was allowed to grow together with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Tremonte et al. [24] showed that synergistic interaction occurring between L. sakei and two coagulase negative cocci (CNC) (Staphylococcus xylosus and Kocuria varians) increased proteolytic activity in these CNC strains. The interactions between bacterial populations within a community depend on the environmental conditions of the habitat, and under different environmental conditions the same population can exhibit different inter population relationships. The positive interactions between biological populations enhance the ability of the interacting populations to survive within the community in a particular habitat, sometimes enabling whole populations to co-exist in a habitat where individually they cannot exist alone.