8) to detect 10% difference in the running time to exhaustion (G*Power, Franz Faul, Kiel University, Germany). The BAY 80-6946 in vivo supplementation experiment extended for a five-day period that began after an acclimatization period of one week. Test animals were twice placed on a rat treadmill (with at least a two-day interval to avoid a training effect) for 10 min at 10 m/min during acclimatization. The food was a standard rat chow (Fwusow, Taichung, Taiwan) mainly consisting mainly of carbohydrates (52%), protein (23.5%), fat (4.5%), water (12%), ash (10%), and fiber (8%). The average intake weights of the rat chow during the experimental click here period were 30.9

± 2.2, 37.4 ± 3.7, and 36.6 ± 3.3 g/day/rat for the C, Ex, and ExSCP groups respectively, with the last two groups consuming significantly more than the first group. The use of a rat model in this study was approved and conducted under the guidelines of the Animal Studies Committee of National Pingtung University of Science and Technology. SCP preparation and dosage The methods used in Charles and Huang [13] were adopted for isolating and preparing SCPs. The methods and procedures employed were, briefly, as follows: pellets were ground into cassava flour after preparatory procedures (i.e. the sweet cassava tuber was washed, peeled, and pelletized). The mixtures (250 g cassava flour with 500–750

g of water) were centrifuged at 14,300 g at 4°C for 20 min and the supernatants removed. Then, crude mucilage was produced when the supernatant DihydrotestosteroneDHT was filtered, concentrated, and lyophilized. Crude polysaccharides were fractioned by anion exchange chromatography with elution by NaCl at different concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 ml). The SCP was purified by Sephacryl S-400/HR gel filtration chromatography

after being pooled, concentrated, desalted, and freeze-dried. Test animals were fed a dose of 500 mg SCP/kg body weight/day. SCPs were given by gastric GNA12 intubation in two 250 mg/kg doses; one after the morning exercise and the other in the evening at approximately 1700–1800. The dosage of SCP was determined by the rat’s daily weight measurement in the morning, and the SCP was mixed with physiological saline at 100 mg/ml. On the sixth day, the same supplementation times were used as had been on the previous five days, but there was no exercise. Exhaustive running was completed on the morning of the seventh day after overnight fast, and gastrocnemius and soleus muscles, as well as blood samples from all rats were collected after anesthetization and sacrifice (Figure 1). Figure 1 Overview of the experimental procedure. Exercise model After one week of acclimatization, the Ex and ExSCP groups had one exercise bout each day for five days. The speed and duration of the first three days and the final two days were 20 m/min for 20 min and 25 m/min for 30 min respectively.