6A,B), demonstrating that canonical Hh-pathway activity promotes the expression of Notch-signaling pathway genes. Given that DAPT, a γ-secretase inhibitor that specifically blocks Notch signaling, Selleckchem GSK2126458 suppressed expression of Shh ligand, Gli2 (Hh-regulated transcription factor), and Ptc (a direct transcriptional target of Gli) (Fig. 5), the Notch pathway seems to

stimulate Hh-pathway activity. Hence, the results identify a previously unsuspected Hh-Notch-positive feedback loop that regulates cell-fate decisions in immature ductular-type cells and MFs/HSCs. In certain types of adult liver injury, these two cell types accumulate and intermingle within fibrotic septae that extend outward from portal tracts to cause bridging fibrosis, an antecedent to cirrhosis.[38] This suggests that Notch-Hh interactions might regulate cirrhosis pathogenesis by controlling the fate of two key cell types that are involved in liver repair. To verify that Hh signaling regulates Notch signaling in vivo, as observed in vitro, and to evaluate the functional implications of this interaction for liver repair, we used a genetic approach to conditionally delete Smoothened in MFs/HSCs. DTG mice were created by crossing Smoflox/flox mice with

α-SMA/Cre-ERT2 mice. Treating such DTG mice with tamoxifen (TMX) induced selective deletion of the floxed Smo gene, buy Obeticholic Acid but only in α-SMA-expressing cells,[31] providing a useful tool for examining the effects of Hh signaling in MFs/HSCs and their progeny.[9] DTG mice underwent BDL to provoke liver injury and compensatory repair responses.

Four days later, treatment with either vehicle or TMX was initiated and given every other day through day 10; mice were sacrificed on day 14 post-BDL for liver tissue analysis. In an earlier study, we showed that this approach knocked down expression of Smo in the liver, reduced the hepatic content of α-SMA(+) cells by >85%, and significantly decreased collagen gene expression, hepatic hydroxyproline content, and Sirius Red staining, as well as accumulation of Krt19(+) ductular cells.[9] In this study, we confirmed that TMX reduced both Smo find more and α-SMA expression (Fig. 6C), and showed that decreasing Hh-responsive MFs dramatically decreased numbers of Notch-2(+) and Hey2(+) cells, both along liver sinusoids (colocalized with Desmin(+) cells) and in residual ductular structures (Fig. 6D). qRT-PCR analysis of whole-liver RNA demonstrated that loss of Notch-2-expressing cells in TMX-treated DTG mice was accompanied by significantly reduced whole-liver expression of Notch target genes, compared to vehicle-treated controls (Fig. 6C). Immunoblotting analysis of whole-liver lysates confirmed that suppression of Notch signaling was accompanied by the expected loss of proteins that mark ductular-type cells and their progenitors (e.g.