65-69 Although most data are supportive of SSRIs as a class in the treatment of geriatric depression, experts favor the use of citalopram or sertraline over fluvoxamine and fluoxetine54-70 because of their favorable pharmacokinetic profiles, a lower potential for clinically significant drug-drug interaction, and data suggesting their superiority in terms of cognitive improvement.57,58,71,72 One placebo-controlled study with sertraline

Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical in elderly outpatients with major depression treated in both psychiatric and primary care settings further supports use of SSRIs in geriatric depression.73 In the “old-old” population (>75 years old) with depression, active medication (citalopram) was no more effective than placebo, except for patients with high levels of baseline severity.74 Among the TCAs, where cardiac monitoring is recommended, nortriptyline is the most frequently used agent in the elderly, probably because it is considered the least cardiotoxic drug in this class Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and blood levels can be monitored. Adverse drug reactions increase dramatically in frequency and severity with advanced

age.75 Factors that may influence proper dosing include the different pharmacokinetic properties of antidepressants in elderly compared with Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical younger patients and individual patient characteristics, such as cardiovascular or renal function. In elderly patients, antidepressant Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical side effects of particular concern include orthostatic hypotension and anticholinergic effects (more common with TCAs), as well as extrapyramidal symptoms, and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. Course of treatment While it used to be assumed that the typical major depression was self-limiting (of 3 to 6 months duration) and associated

with complete recovery, the present view is not as sanguine. Clinical trials Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical have demonstrated that 30% to 40% of depressed patients fail to respond to firstline antidepressant treatment despite adequate adherence, dose, and Rolziracetam NVP-BGJ398 mouse duration,76,77 60% to 70% fail to achieve a complete remission of symptoms,78 up to 20% have not recovered 2 years after initiation of treatment,79,80 and 10% remain depressed despite multiple interventions.76,81 Many patients suffer from recurrent depression that requires long-term maintenance treatment to prevent future episodes of depression. Some depressive conditions, including psychotic depression, bipolar depression, and depression with psychiatric or medical comorbidity, have been associated with poor outcome and/or a higher degree of resistance to specific types of treatment or to treatment in general.82 Successful treatment of major depression may require more than one drug trial.