, 1995; Sanglard et al., 2003). We have not been able to amplify the gene encoding Erg3 using degenerate primers, and it has been observed both in vitro and in vivo that six commonly used imidazoles are ineffective against P. carinii (Bartlett et al., 1994). However, the resistance of P. carinii

to azoles may be unrelated to the apparent lack of ERG3 as a separate in vitro study utilizing sterol biosynthesis inhibitors indicated that two proprietary imidazoles produced by GlaxoSmithKline (GR 40317A and GR 42539X) were effective against P. carinii, whereas the commonly prescribed imidazoles, such as fluconazole, remained ineffective (Kaneshiro et al., 2000). These data suggest that P. carinii selleck Erg11 may still be a viable drug target, and that newer drugs targeting the gene may reduce the viability of Pneumocystis. Sequence analysis comparing the translated ORF of P. carinii Erg11 with fungal Erg11 homologs revealed the presence of amino acid substitutions at positions 113 and 125 of the highly

conserved substrate recognition site (Morales et al., 2003). Belnacasan concentration These substitutions are also found in a fluconazole-resistant C. albicans strain (Asai et al., 1999). Functional analysis of P. carinii ERG11 expressed in an S. cerevisiae ERG11 mutant revealed that in order to achieve a 50% reduction in growth, P. carinii Erg11 required a 2.2-fold higher dose of voriconazole and a 3.5-fold higher dose of fluconazole than S. cerevisiae Erg11 expressed under similar conditions (Morales

et al., 2003). Based on these data, the group concluded that P. carinii Fludarabine manufacturer Erg11 is intrinsically resistant to azole antifungals (Morales et al., 2003). ERG6 encodes the enzyme sterol C-24 methyltransferase that catalyzes methylation of carbon 24 of the sterol side chain in fungi. NMR analysis of HPLC isolated sterols revealed the structures of 43 P. carinii sterols, and of these, 32 contained a methyl group on C-24 of the sterol side chain, indicating that Erg6 is a highly active enzyme in P. carinii (Giner et al., 2002). The high activity of P. carinii Erg6, the ability of drugs targeting the enzyme to decrease the viability of P. carinii in vitro, and the fact that mammals do not alkylate the C-4 position of sterols have lead to the idea that Erg6 may be a novel anti-Pneumocystis drug target (Kaneshiro et al., 2000; Kaneshiro, 2002; Zhou et al., 2002). Pneumocystis carini ERG6 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, and was shown to use lanosterol and 24-methylenelanosterol as preferred substrates, which is unlike other fungi, where zymosterol is the Erg6 substrate (Kaneshiro et al., 2002). Consequently, it was speculated that lanosterol to 24-methylenelanosterol is the major postlanosterol pathway in P. carinii. This would indicate that lanosterol demethylation by Erg11 occurs after C-24 alkylation by Erg6 in P. carinii, and that substrates for P. carinii Erg11 are 24-alkylsterols and not lanosterol (Kaneshiro et al., 2002).