79 [0.70, 0.86] Scaling: k = 0.55 (0.44–0.66) Fissures: k = 0.65 (0.55–0.75) Sensitivity high, specificity moderate 13 Vermeulen et al. (2000) Hand eczema AZD8931 nmr Symptoms mTOR inhibitor ≥1 symptom, recurrent or lasted more than 3 weeks

– Moderate sensitivity and specificity depending on case definition of positive case SE = 0.46 [0.34, 0.58]; SP = 0.83 [0.75, 0.89] ≥12 symptoms, recurrent or lasted more than 3 weeks SE = 0.63 [0.50, 0.74]; SP = 0.75 [0.67, 0.82] ≥1 symptom SE = 0.23 [0.14, 0.34]; SP = 0.89 [0.83, 0.94] Symptoms at examination SE = 0.21 [0.13, 0.33]; SP = 0.85 [0.78, 0.90] 14 Demers et al. (1990) Respiratory disorders Symptoms SE = 0.99 [0.97, 1.00]; SP = 0.99 [0.98, 1.00] Sensitivity high, specificity high – – 15 Kujala et al. (1997) Latex allergy Symptoms Combining 1–3 skin with 1–3 mucosal symptoms: SE = 0.84 [0.67, 0.95]; SP = 0.98 [0.90, 1.00] Sensitivity moderate, specificity high – – 16 Choi et al. (2005) Hearing loss Symptoms Self-diagnosis Severity rating Self-reported screening questions: SE = 0.73 [0.60, 0.84] moderate; SP = 0.81 [0.69, 0.90] moderate – SE higher in younger age groups, SP higher in older age groups. Self-diagnosis (Rating Scale for Each Ear, RSEE): SE = 0.66 [0.52, 0.78] low; SP = 0.84 [0.73, 0.93] moderate Self-rating of severity (HEW-EHAS): SE = 0.54 [0.40, 0.67]

low; SP = 0.85 [0.72, 0.93] high 17 Gomez et al. (2001) Hearing loss Symptoms Hearing loss symptoms compared with audiometry (binaural mid-frequency) SE = 0.77 [0.68, 0.85]; SP = 0.82 [0.77, 0.86] Hearing loss symptoms compared with audiometry (binaural mid-frequency): overall agreement 80%, learn more k = 0.55 Self-report prevalence hearing loss 36%; audiometric hearing impairment prevalence 9% (low-frequency), 29% (mid-frequency) and 47% (high-frequency) Sensitivity moderate, specificity moderate In other frequencies lower agreement 18 Eskelinen et al. (1991) General Health Self-diagnosis

Overall SE = 0.82 [0.73, 0.89]; SP = 0.81 [0.71, 0.89] –   Coronary artery disease (male) SE = 95.2; SP = 87.2 Lower back pain (female) isothipendyl SE = 79.5; SP = 73.1 Sensitivity moderate to high, specificity moderate to high 19 Åkesson et al. (1999) MSD Symptoms Self-reported symptoms compared with clinical findings:   Higher sensitivity related to diagnoses, higher specificity related to clinical findings Neck/shoulders: SE = 73% and SP 81% moderate/moderate Elbows/wrists/hands SE 50% and SP 87% low/high Hips SE 45% and SP 97% low/high Self-reported symptoms compared with diagnoses Neck/shoulders SE 89% and SP 55% high/low Elbows/wrists/hands SE 67% and SP 71% low/moderate Hips SE 67% and SP 89% low/high 20 Bjorksten et al. (1999) MSD Symptoms Pain rating scale SE values 71–100; highest for shoulders (100%) and neck (92%)     SP values 21–66; highest for neck (62%) and thoracic spine (66%) Current ailment/pain: SE = 95% and SP = 88% Sensitivity moderate to high, specificity low to moderate 21 Kaergaard et al.