Inhibition of NF-κB is an attractive therapeutic target

because apart from inhibiting labour-associated genes involved in uterine contractility, cervical ripening and fetal membrane rupture, it would also target pro-inflammatory cytokine production, which may contribute to the neurological damage seen independently of the effect of prematurity. We have previously shown that 15-deoxy-Δ 12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15dPGJ2), an anti-inflammatory cyclopentenone prostaglandin, inhibits NF-κB activity and COX-2 in vitro in both human cultured myocytes and amniocytes.[12] In a murine model of inflammation-induced preterm labour, 15dPGJ2 delays preterm labour from GDC-0068 molecular weight 20 hr post lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection to 30 hr post LPS plus 15dPGJ2 injection. More importantly 15dPGJ2 improved pup survival from 30% with LPS, to 95% with co-injection of LPS and 15dPGJ2.[13] The mechanism by which 15dPGJ2 inhibits NF-κB is not entirely understood. The 15dPGJ2 has more than one ligand, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ[14] and the second prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) receptor chemoattractant receptor homologous to the T helper 2 cell (CRTH2).[15] We have shown that 15dPGJ2 does not inhibit NF-κB via the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ.[12] Whether CRTH2 plays a role in the mechanism Olaparib in vivo of NF-κB and COX-2 inhibition

by 15dPGJ2 is currently unknown. CRTH2 is a G protein-coupled receptor

linked to the Gαi/o subunit.[16] It is the classical receptor of the T helper type 2 (Th2) cell,[17] and has also been identified on eosinophils[18] and basophils.[19] CRTH2 mRNA has been detected in non-pregnant human uterine tissue,[20] placenta and choriodecidua.[21] Prostaglandin D2 stimulates the production of the Th2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and IL-10 in cultured Th2 cells in vitro.[22] Interleukin-4 is a classic Th2 cytokine that is able to inhibit the Th1 response directly, with IL-10 inhibiting the production of inflammatory mediators indirectly.[23] Interleukin-10 has also been shown in the mouse to protect the fetus by reducing fetal loss as a result of pro-inflammatory cytokines.[24] The function of CRTH2 MRIP in non-immune cells remains unclear. We sought to determine if a small molecule CRTH2 agonist was able to mimic the effects of 15dPGJ2 by exerting anti-inflammatory effects and subsequently delaying preterm labour and providing neuroprotection for the fetus and increased pup survival. The effect of CRTH2 agonists on murine uterine contractility was examined ex vivo using a myograph. The small molecule agonist CRTH2, referred to from now on as Pyl A, was synthesized commercially by Oxygen Healthcare, (Cambridge, UK) and is chemically identical to the L-888 607 compound from the Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research (Quebec, QC, Canada).