The small intestines of treated and control mice were flushed with 5 mL of PBS and this fluid centrifuged for 10 min at 10,000 g to separate particulate material. BAL samples were obtained according to technique described previously (8, 11). Briefly, the tracheas were exposed and intubated with catheters, then two sequential BALs were performed in each mouse by injecting 0.5 mL of sterile PBS; the recovered fluid being centrifuged for 10 min at 900 g. The samples were frozen at −70°C for subsequent cytokine analyses. IFN-γ and TNF-α were determined using the corresponding mouse ELISA kits (R & D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA). The bactericidal activity (oxidative burst) of alveolar

and peritoneal macrophages Palbociclib price was measured in the pellets of peritoneal and BAL fluids using the NBT reduction test (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA) (10, 11). NBT was added to each sample with (positive control) or without addition of the selleck chemical bacterial extract; then

samples were incubated at 37°C for 20 min. In the presence of oxidative metabolites, NBT (yellow) is reduced to formazan, which forms a blue precipitate. Smears were prepared and, after staining, the samples were examined under a light microscope for blue precipitates. A hundred cells were counted and the percentage of NBT positive (+) cells determined. The candidacidal activity of alveolar and peritoneal macrophages was determined using a technique modified from Vonk et al. (13) and Molero et al. (14). Two C. albicans strains were used: C. albicans AV3, a non-pathogenic strain isolated from contaminated food and C. albicans AV4, mafosfamide a pathogenic strain isolated from the blood of an infected, immunosuppressed patient (15). Alveolar and peritoneal macrophages were dispersed into the wells of a 96-well flat bottom plate (Nunc, Roskilde, Denmark), 5 × 105 cells in 100 uL of RPMI-1640 and incubated for 2 hr at 37°C in 5% CO2. The wells were washed gently to remove non-adherent cells. Parallel control wells (without macrophages) were used. For determination of anti-C. albicans activity, macrophages were infected with 100 uL containing

105 cells of C. albicans AV3 or AV4. After 3 hr of incubation at 37°C in 5% CO2, 200 uL of distilled water was added to each well to achieve lysis of phagocytes. This procedure was repeated three times and the pooled washes adjusted to a final volume of 1 mL with distilled water. Microscopic examination of the culture plates showed complete removal of phagocytes. Serial dilutions were made up in distilled water and plated (triplicate samples) on Sabouraud agar plates. Results were expressed as percentages of C. albicans survival. Alveolar and peritoneal macrophages were collected aseptically from mice. The macrophages were washed twice with PBS containing BSA and adjusted to a concentration of 106 cells/mL. Phagocytosis was performed using a heat-killed C.