The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose. “
“Citation Wira CR, Patel MV, Ghosh M, Mukura L, Fahey JV. Innate immunity in the human female reproductive tract: endocrine regulation of endogenous antimicrobial protection against HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 65: 196–211 Mucosal surfaces of the female reproductive tract (FRT) contain a spectrum of antimicrobials that provide the first line of defense against viruses, Alisertib concentration bacteria, and fungi that enter the lower FRT. Once thought to be a sterile compartment, the upper FRT is periodically exposed to pathogens throughout the menstrual cycle. More recently, secretions from the upper FRT have

been shown to contribute to downstream protection in the lower FRT. In this review, we examine the antimicrobials in FRT secretions made by immune cells and epithelial cells in the upper and lower FRT that contribute to innate protection. Because each site is hormonally regulated to maintain

fertility, this review focuses on the contributions of hormone balance during the menstrual cycle to innate immune protection. As presented in this review, studies from our laboratory and others demonstrate that sex hormones regulate antimicrobials produced by innate immune cells throughout the FRT. The goal of this review is to examine the spectrum of antimicrobials in the FRT and the ways in which they are regulated to provide protection against pathogens that compromise reproductive

check details health and threaten the lives of women. Sexually transmitted infections (STI) are a major worldwide health problem.1 Despite extensive efforts, only limited success has been achieved Methocarbamol in dealing with a growing list of STI that include bacteria (group B streptococcus, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Treponema pallidum), parasites (Trichomonas vaginalis), and viruses [herpes simplex (HSV), human papilloma (HPV) and human immunodeficiency (HIV) virus]. Taken together, more than 20 pathogens, all of which are transmissible through sexual intercourse, account for approximately 340 million new STI cases annually.2 Since 1975, HIV has accounted for approximately 25 million deaths with an additional 33.4 million people (of which approximately 50% are female) currently infected worldwide.3 In sub-Saharan Africa, the area hardest hit by the pandemic, women living with HIV/AIDS make up approximately 60% of the number of HIV-infected people.3 Depending on the African country analyzed, infection rates vary from 5 to 25% of the population. Not widely recognized are recent findings that major cities in the United States such are Washington DC have infection rates (approximately 3%) that are comparable to those seen in Africa.4 The mucosal surfaces of the human FRT are protected against pathogens by both the adaptive and the innate immune systems.