The cells were then fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, permeabilized with 0·1% saponin, blocked with PBS + 2% BSA, and incubated for 60 min at room temperature with FITC-conjugated L243 to detect HLA-DR dimers. Additionally, unlabelled Frev or DB.DR4 cells were plated on poly-L-lysine-treated coverslips, fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, and permeabilized with 0·1% saponin. After blocking with PBS + 2% BSA, AZD2014 in vitro cells were incubated for 60 min at room temperature with FITC-conjugated L243 to detect HLA-DR dimers and with AlexaFluor647-conjugated-anti-LAMP-1 antibody to detect LAMP-1.

All samples were washed again before analysis. Cells were viewed using a Perkin Elmer Spinning Disk Confocal Microscope, and a single plane through the cell is depicted. Images were processed using NIH Image J software. To measure Selleckchem Y27632 exogenous antigen presentation, DB.DR4, Frev, Priess, or 7C3.DR4 cells (APC) were incubated with various concentrations of purified antigen for 16 hr at 37° or synthetic peptides for 4 or 16 hr at 37°. Samples were washed and then fixed with 0·5% paraformaldehyde for 10 min at room temperature. Then, 4 × 104 APC were incubated with 2 × 104 epitope-specific T cells for 24 hr at 37°. For endogenous antigen presentation, variable numbers of APC were incubated with 2 × 104

epitope-specific T cells for 24 hr at 37°. To measure the effect of pH on exogenous peptide presentation, APC were incubated with peptide in either cell culture medium (pH 7) or 150 mm Na2HPO4 buffer adjusted to pH 5·5 with citric acid for 4 hr at 37°. To strip surface MHC class II, APC were first treated with 160 mm NaCl adjusted to pH 4 with citric acid, three treatments for 30 min each on ice. Cells were washed and fixed as described above before incubation with exogenous peptide and co-culture with epitope-specific T cells. An interleukin-2-dependent cell line, HT-2, was used to measure interleukin-2 production following T-cell activation, and HT-2 proliferation was quantified using [3H]thymidine incorporation.

BCKDHA Data are expressed as the average counts per minute (c.p.m.) of triplicate samples for each assay. DB.DR4 or 7C3.DR4 cells were first fixed with paraformaldehyde and then incubated overnight at 37° with 100 μm biotinylated κI188–203 peptide. Lysates were prepared and added to plates coated with an anti-HLA-DR4 antibody to capture HLA-DR4 molecules in the lysates. The binding of biotinylated κI188–203 peptide to the captured HLA-DR4 was measured using europium-strepavidin.25 A hallmark characteristic of Danon disease in humans is the absence of LAMP-2 protein expression in multiple tissues, particularly cardiac and skeletal muscle, because of mutations in the LAMP-2 gene.15 We evaluated the expression of the LAMP-2 protein in the B-LCL derived from a patient with Danon disease (Danon B-LCL) by Western blotting.