The E. amylovora

Siphoviridae phage PhiEaH1 was isolated from soil in Hungary. The phage lysed E. amylovora under laboratory conditions and successfully reduced the occurrence of fire blight cases in field experiments. These results supported the use of see more phage PhiEaH1 as a good biocontrol agent. Erwiphage (composed of PhiEaH1 and PhiEaH2, containing UV-protectant) was marketed in 2012 and 2013 in Hungary, as the first bacteriophage-based pesticide against E. amylovora. The genome sequencing protocol and the computer tools used are given in the Supporting Information. The genomic sequence of PhiEaH1 phage is 218 339 bp in length. The graphical genome organization is shown in Fig. S1. The G + C content is 52.3 mol%. In the genome, 241 ORFs were annotated, 181 ORFs seemed to encode hypothetical proteins and 60 ORFs were annotated as functional genes. Twenty-nine ORFs

were found to encode proteins involved in the structure and assembly of virions, and the deduced products of 28 ORFs are responsible Talazoparib price for nucleic acid metabolism and modification and DNA replication (helicases, DNA-directed RNA polymerase-beta subunit, nuclease SbcCD D subunit, terminase large subunit, phosphohydrolases, thymidylate synthase, deoxyuridine 5′-triphosphate nucleotide hydrolase, ribonuclease, thymidylate kinase, SbcC protein, UvsX protein); two ORFs encode transglycosylases, and one ORF codes for an EPS depolymerase associated with phage infections (Deveau et al., 2002; Abedon, 2011; Gutierrez et al., 2012). Despite being isolated from the same soil sample in Hungary, the nucleotide sequences of the two Siphoviridae E. amylovora phages, PhiEaH1 and PhiEaH2, are significantly different (Fig. 1). Moreover, the genome of PhiEaH1 does not have any significant similarities when compared with the other completely sequenced E. amylovora phage genomes (Fig. 1).

All except one of the previously sequenced phages had a genome size less than 100 kb. Although PhiEaH1 is similar to the exception, PhiEaH2, in having genomes larger than 200 kb and although both were isolated from the same soil in Hungary, they surprisingly appear to be very distantly related: their overall sequence similarity is around 6% at the DNA level. Application of phage cocktails instead of single phage is a generally applied approach for extending the host specificity of the phage preparations (Abedon, 2011). Adenosine triphosphate The implication is that sequencing of more Siphoviridae phage genomes will reveal even greater diversity, providing opportunities for the development of even more effective biological control agents, phage cocktails against Erwinia fire blight disease of commercial fruit crops. Nucleotide sequence accession number: The complete genome sequence of E. amylovora phage PhiEaH1 has been submitted to GenBank and assigned accession number KF623294. This work was supported by the European Union and by the Hungarian Government; projects GOP-1.1.1-07/1-2008-0038, GOP-1.3.2.-09-2010-0023, GOP-1.1.