After appropriate patient positioning, a radiopaque marker or grid is placed on the patient’s skin over the area of interest. During suspended respiration, a short CT scan of the region of interest is obtained, followed by choosing the appropriate

table position and needle trajectory as previously planned. The depth from the skin entry site to the lesion is then measured. With the use of the gantry laser light to delineate the Z-axis position, and the radiopaque skin marker to reference the X-axis position, the TSA HDAC mw needle entry site is marked with indelible ink on the patient’s skin. The skin site is prepped and draped using sterile technique followed by administration of local anesthesia into the skin, subcutaneous tissues, and intercostal muscles. In our institute, the standard practice is to use coaxial

technique for the advantage explained before. We use a 17- or 19-guage introducer needle as guidance with appropriate length depending on the depth of lesion. The automated cutting needle, which can be any needle type, is chosen to be smaller and to matches selleck chemical the introducer needle in length and size to be 18- or 20-guage. All needle movements and manipulations should be performed with patient’s respiration suspended. When advancing the introducer needle, it is important to maintain the same trajectory with each movement, as even slight deviations of the needle at the skin or within the subcutaneous tissues will produce marked deviation at a deeper level. When advancing the needle into the subplural region, it should be done in a rapid thrust to avoid needle tip laceration to the pleura and to avoid the needle slipping into the pleural during breathing later. Additionally, the patient is instructed to breath quietly, remain motionless, and repeat a breath hold of a similar size during needle manipulations throughout the procedure. The needle should be allowed to sway to-and-fro with respiratory motion; not be held or fixed during respiration, as this will lacerate the pleura with each breath.

As needle insertion is considered a dynamic process from skin to the lesion; a short segment CT should performed always to verify the needle angle and tip position based on the last Cyclin-dependent kinase 3 scan (a sequential technique). The needle is then advanced in one motion through the pleura to the prescribed depth. A smaller automated cutting needle is passed through the lumen of the larger introducer needle and into the lesion. The entire needle shaft should be within the scan plane. If not, additional images above or below the entry site must be obtained. The key to recognizing the true tip of the needle is the identification of an abrupt square tip with a black shadowing artifact arising from it [30]. After needle tip position at the periphery of or within the lesion is confirmed and documented, a tissue sample can be obtained with firing the needle into the lesion during suspended respiration.