After additional one hour of incubation, cells were har vested and early viral DNA was measured by real time PCR as described by Popik et al. Statistical analysis Statistical analysis was assessed by Students t test. A value of p 0. 05 was considered significant. Background Lipids over accumulation selleck chemical in the heart are associated with cardiac dysfunction and heart failure. Satu rated fatty acid such as palmitate but not mono unsaturated oleate induced apoptosis in many cell types including the cardiomyocytes element of the heart. Several studies showed that high levels of palmitate had caused significant increases of ceramide and mitochondrial cytochrome c release levels, which was accompanied by significant caspase 3 activation and apoptosis, and this lipotoxicity effect on cardiac myocytes apoptosis remains incompletely understood.

Cardiomyocytes apoptosis is an important contributor to myocardial dysfunction and heart failure, and blockade of myocardial apoptosis results in significant prevention of diabetes induced cardiac dysfunction. Adiponectin is an adipokine secreted from adipose tissue and plasma with concentrations ranging from 3 to 30 ug/mL in mouse and human. The structure of adiponectin contains a collagen repeat domain at the N terminus and a globular domain at the C terminus with a sequence homology to compliment factor C1q. The C terminal globular C1q domain of adiponectin is proteolytically cleaved from the full length protein and is also able to circulate in both human and mouse plasma to mediate potent physiological effects.

Recently, a number of studies have shown that adiponectin tran scripts are synthesized by cardiomyocytes, which are upregulated in mouse models of myocardial injury. To date, adiponectin has been extensively documented to mediate several cardioprotective properties, and anti apoptotic effect of adiponectin on the heart. Phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase /Akt and extracellu lar signaling regulated kinase /mitogen activated protein kinase signaling pathways are an import ant for intracellular signal transduction system. PI3K/Akt has been shown to play a major role in the prevention of apoptosis, and ERK1/2 is a well known taking part in a signal transduction cascade in response to extracellular stimuli, and plays an important role in cell proliferation, growth and cell death.

Several studies have exhibited that anti apoptotic effect of adiponectin on the heart, which appeared to be mediated via PI3K/Akt, ERK1/ 2MAPK and AMP activated protein kinase sig naling pathway. Adiponectin could protect against acute cardiac injury by attenuating the apoptosis, but the mechanism involved the effect of adiponectin in palmitate induced apoptosis are not fully understood. In the present study, we demonstrated AV-951 that adiponectin protected H9c2 cells from palmitate induced apoptosis through both PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 signaling pathways.