, 2004)). Although clear interactions

between NPY and pro-stress systems in the regulation of stress-related emotionality still need to be established, it is likely that the balance of these neuropeptides and transmitters in stress-related circuits plays a pivotal role in mediating resilience to stress-associated responses discussed in this review. Human studies have identified associations between NPY and stress resilience. In healthy human subjects, plasma NPY levels have been shown to rise in response to stress (Morgan 3rd and et al, 2001, Morgan 3rd and et al, 2000 and Morgan 3rd and et al, 2002). For example, when military soldiers underwent an interrogation selleck screening library model of extreme psychological stress to mimic the captive experience of prisoners of war, higher levels of NPY following interrogation were present in soldiers displaying lower psychological distress or belonging to special operations forces (Morgan 3rd and et al, 2000 and Morgan 3rd and et al, 2002). NPY levels were positively associated with feelings of dominance and self-confidence, and superior performance under interrogation stress (Morgan 3rd and et al, 2001, Morgan selleck inhibitor 3rd and et al, 2000 and Morgan 3rd and et al, 2002). Genetic variants of the preproNPY gene have been associated with differential stress responses

and emotionality (Mickey and et al, 2011 and Zhou and et al, 2008). Specific NPY haplotypes have been correlated to postmortem levels of NPY mRNA in the brain, plasma NPY concentrations, and brain activity in response to stressful challenges (Zhou et al., 2008). Individuals possessing

a genotype associated with low NPY expression report more negative emotional experiences during a painful stressor, exhibit greater amygdalar reactivity in response to threat-related facial images, and exhibit low stress resilience compared to high NPY genotype carriers (Mickey and et al, 2011 and Zhou and et al, 2008). Haplotype-driven NPY expression is also inversely correlated to trait anxiety in healthy individuals (Zhou et al., 2008). Studies in humans with stress-related psychiatric through disorders have also revealed a role for NPY in resilience (Eaton et al., 2007, Morales-Medina et al., 2010, Sah and et al, 2009, Rasmusson and et al, 2000a and Morgan 3rd and et al, 2003), although the evidence stems primarily from populations with PTSD and depression. Rodent studies have provided a wealth of evidence for NPY in resilience to anxiety (see below), but few human studies have been conducted to determine the profile of NPY in generalized anxiety, obsessive compulsive, social anxiety, and panic disorders. One study found an association between a single-nucleotide polymorphism of the NPY gene and increased risk for generalized anxiety disorder in individuals exposed to high stress (Amstadter et al., 2010).

5% and 75%. Triplicates of the solvent systems were prepared in glass vials, excess MPTS was added to the solutions and the vials were sealed to eliminate the possibility of evaporation. The samples were then vortexed (Heidolph Multi Reax, Heidolph Instruments, and Cinnaminson, NJ, USA) for 20 min and left to equilibrate at room temperature. After equilibration (determined as 1 week) an aliquot of the samples was centrifuged (Galaxy 20R, VWR International, Suwanee, GA, USA) at 5000 rpm for 5 min to ensure sedimentation http://www.selleckchem.com/products/XAV-939.html of the excess MPTS and the drug content of the saturated solution was measured using a GC–MS method detailed in Section 2.4. Prior to GC–MS

measurements the internal standard (1 mg/ml of dibuthyl disulfide; DBDS) was added to the samples and dilution with ethanol and cylcohexanone was performed. A GC–MS method was chosen for the quantitative determination of MPTS. The system consisting of an Agilent Technologies 7890A GC with a 7683 autosampler and a 5975C VL MSD, triple-Axis detector (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). A DB-5MS column (30 m × 0.25 mm

ID, 0.25 μm film thickness; Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) was used with He carrier gas at a flow rate of 1 ml/min and pressure of 7.6522 psi. The conditions for GC and MS are detailed in Table 1 and Table 2. Dielectric constant measurements were performed using a HP4285A LCR meter. The AC signal amplitude for the impedance measurement was 100 mV, and the applied frequency PD0332991 ranged from 75 kHz to 30,000 kHz in logarithmic distribution. All measurements were carried out at 20 ± 1 °C in a thermostatable cylindrical cell (originally prepared for a Radelkis OH-301 type dielectrometer) using an interface. Cyclohexane and ethanol were used as reference for determining the capacitances of the applied empty cell. The dielectric constant results are presented as values measured at 3022.2 kHz. LD50 studies were conducted using the Dixon up-and-down method with 1.0 mg/ml and 3.5 mg/ml KCN solutions, a 50 mg/ml MPTS stock solution,

and a 100 mg/ml TS solution. Male CD-1 mice (Charles River Breeding Laboratories, Inc., Wilmington, MA) weighing 18–28 g were housed of at 21 °C and in light-controlled rooms (12-h light/dark, full-spectrum lighting cycle with no twilight), and were furnished with water and 4% Rodent Chow (Teklad HSD, Inc., CITY, WI) ad libitum. All animal procedures were conducted in accordance with the guidelines by “The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals” (National Academic Press, 2010), accredited by AAALAC (American Association for the Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care, International). At the termination of the experiments, surviving animals were euthanized in accordance with the 1986 report of the AVMA Panel of Euthansia.

The positive and negative effects of TNF must be taken into account when its production is induced by candidates for protective vaccines. Although in vitro assays cannot entirely be used as substitutes for in vivo methods, the effective and specific blockage of bacterial attachment to HEp-2 cells strongly indicates that the antibodies induced by the recombinant Smeg and BCG generated to express BfpA and/or intimin may be active in vivo. In a previous study, we demonstrated that an IgY antibody raised against recombinant BfpA identifies E. coli Selleckchem JQ1 that express

BfpA, blocks colonization of HeLa cells by EPEC-EAF(+) in vitro and inhibits the in vitro growth of EPEC-EAF(+) but not of EPEC-EAF(−) (the BfpA-cured counterpart bacteria) [24]. More recently, we also showed that EPEC-EAF(+)-expressing BfpA, but not EPEC-EAF(−), induced apoptosis in HeLa cells. This effect was blocked by prior neutralization of BfpA with an IgY anti-BFP antibody [25]. These data agree with previous observations indicating that induction of epithelial cell death by E. coli depends on the expression of bundle-forming pili by the bacterium

[26]. Therefore, BfpA is an important virulence factor expressed by EPEC and is significantly involved in bacterial cell adhesion and induction of host cell death, either by necrosis or apoptosis. Intimin is a 94–97 kDa outer membrane protein [4] that mediates intimate contact between the bacteria and the target cell NVP-BKM120 order upon interaction with its translocated intimin receptor (Tir) [27]. Recent observations indicate that Lactobacillus casei expressing intimin-β fragments and containing the immunodominant epitopes of Int280 induced both humoral and cellular immune responses in mice. The antibodies were able to bind to EPEC and inhibit Liothyronine Sodium bacterial adhesion to the epithelial cell surface in vitro. C57BL/6 mice immunized with this recombinant

strain became partially protected against intestinal colonization by Citrobacter rodention, a mouse intestinal pathogen that also expresses intimin-β [28]. BfpA and intimin are therefore significant immunogens to be used in vaccines. We would like to thank the following individuals: Dr. Luciana C.C. Leite, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil, for her assistance and permission to use the Laboratory of Biotechnology IV; Dr. Brigitte Gicquel, Institute Pasteur, Paris, France, for providing the pMIP12 vector; Dr. Albert Schriefer, Fiocruz Institute, Salvador, Brazil, for providing the original enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)-EAF(+) and -EAF(−) strains; and Dr. Dunia Rodriguez for expert laboratory help and assistance in our results. “SBA-15 silica” was kindly provided by Osvaldo Augusto Sant́Anna, Butantan Institute, Brazil.

30 and 35 The 2-km walk test was not recommended for subjects with chronic pain syndrome, for example fibromyalgia, due to underestimation of exercise capacity.38 Three of the 14 studies

assessed reliability (test-retest reliability) and acceptability (dropout rate) of other submaximal bicycle ergometer tests. Protocols of these exercise tests are available from the authors. Test-retest reliability was good in the studies by van Santen et al, 39 and 40 with ICCs of 0.70 to 0.86. The dropout rates of 0 to 33% among the various tests were considered acceptable.41 Five studies evaluated the reliability, criterion validity and acceptability of walk tests. Smeets et al42 assessed test-retest reliability, reporting an ICC of 0.89 (95% CI 0.81 to 0.93). Harding et al43 reported a Pearson’s r of 0.944. NVP-BKM120 supplier Task experience did not significantly influence test-retest differences. 42 Inter-rater reliability was reported as ICCs of 0.994 by Harding et al 43 and 1.000 by Sato et al. 44 Intra-rater reliability was reported as an ICC Selleckchem Y-27632 of 0.979 by Sato et al 44 and day-to-day reliability as an ICC of 0.87 by Simmonds et al. 45 The critical difference was 20%. 42 Therefore, reliability of the 5-minute, 6-minute or 10-minute walk tests is good to excellent. The 5-minute walk test is considered useful. 42 and 45 No specialised equipment is required

and walk tests appear to be acceptable for people with chronic low back pain. 45 Criterion validity was established between the PDK4 5-minute and 10-minute walk tests with a high Spearman’s rank correlation of r = 0.985. 43 Criterion validity of the walk tests was assessed against the 50-foot walk, the Functional Independence Measures (FIM) scale, various performance-based tests, the Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ), and the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) Function questionnaire. Simmonds et al 45 reported a moderate correlation of the 5-minute walk test with the 50-foot walk, r = 0.617. Sato et al 44 reported a significant correlation

of the 6-minute walk test with the Functional Independence Measures scale (r = 0.652, p < 0.01), which was used to evaluate activities of daily living. Mannerkorpi et al 46 correlated the 6-minute walk test against various performance-based tests (chair rising test, hand grip strength, endurance shoulder muscles, abduction, hand to neck, hand to scapula) but the criterion validity was fair to moderate, with r-values ranging from –0.46 to 0.63. Criterion validity was established between the 6-minute walk tests and two subscales of the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire: the physical function scale (r = –0.48, p < 0.001) and the pain scale (r = –0.39, p < 0.01). In the same study, 46 the 6-minute walk test also correlated with the Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) physical function scale (r = 0.49, p < 0.001), the SF-36 bodily pain scale (r = 0.38, p < 0.

The American view [6] is much clearer, specifying relative contra-indications under clinical, social and procedural categories. Clinical contra-indications in the US include thyrotoxicosis and pre-existing vocal paresis alongside criteria applicable to any day case procedure (cardiorespiratory co-morbidity, morbid obesity, etc.). Social factors consider the home http://www.selleckchem.com/products/r428.html environment, availability of primary carer, distance

from hospital, communication difficulties, patient preference and understanding. Within the procedural category, contra-indications include large volume glands and retrosternal extension, plus specific intra-operative factors to reduce the risk of complications; anaesthetic choice, type and extent of surgery, nerve monitoring, haemostasis, parathyroid gland management, wound closure and extubation. For safe postoperative care, there are suggested discharge criteria (absence of neck swelling, dysphagia etc.) and emphasis on the importance of nursing and patient/carer education for the recognition of complications. Unilateral

surgery compared to total thyroidectomy carries a reduced risk of laryngeal nerve dysfunction, postoperative hypocalcaemia and potentially a reduced risk of bleeding and its consequences given the smaller operative field. Indeed, unilateral surgery has been suggested as generally more suitable [16] and [19]. An Austrian groups’ review of over 30,000 thyroidectomies [24] would appear to support this position since no patient in their review developed CP-673451 solubility dmso a haematoma after undergoing unilateral

surgery (92 of 8783 procedures, 1% cases) or became symptomatic after 20 hours. Thyroid surgery is unique to other day case procedures in that it is associated with a small but definite risk of life-threatening complications. Mortality incidence from population series are less than one per-cent [10] and [11] but the risk of death following a significant postoperative complication is unquantified. Reliability of more specific outcome data from complications is liable to publication bias, possibly more so in the day case setting where complications are notable by their why low incidence in some single centre series. Even in Tuggle’s state-wide review of over 1000 thyroidectomies [17] where the emergency room visit and re-admission rate of 7.8 and 2.3 per-cent respectively seem typical [13] and [16] the total bleed rate of under 0.2% is either a reflection of high volume surgeon performance or under-reporting. The three main risks of thyroid surgery are airway obstruction from haemorrhage/laryngeal oedema, vocal cord paresis and tetany from severe hypocalcaemia. This section will consider these in turn, along with recommendations to mitigate their occurrence and impact. When postoperative complications do occur, their recognition with prompt and effective management is critical.

14 countries, representing 61% of the OPV-using population in the world are the priority for IPV introduction. In the near future the eradication effort will also need a robust supply of monovalent OPV type 1, bivalent OPV ROCK inhibitor type 1&3, and trivalent OPV; bivalent OPV needs to be licensed for routine use as part of the strategy for removing OPV2, and OPV type 2 withdrawal is planned for as early as 2016. The world still needs new low cost IPV formulations and new devices to

improve immunization. T. Mundel provided a key note lecture on the importance of industry partnerships and delivery focused innovation in global health, as well as an update on the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) evolving strategies around its three major areas of focus programmes: global health,

global development, and United States programmes. The Foundation’s mission is to distribute funds most efficaciously, with a 2012 budget of 3.4 billion dollars dedicated to over 1200 programme related investments grants, including 600 million dedicated to R&D and 400 million to delivery projects. Over the last decade the number of manufacturers supplying vaccines for the poorest GAVI funded countries doubled with DCVMs participation, and today two thirds of children worldwide get vaccines from DCVMs. A 36% drop in cost to fully immunize a child with Pentavalent (DTPHepB-Hib), Pneumococcal conjugate Antidiabetic Compound Library in vitro vaccines (PCV), and rotavirus vaccines (from 35 to 22 USD) has been realized over the last decade. Mortality

of children under 5 years old decreased from 20 million in 1960 to about 7 million in 2012. Neonatal and nutritional disorders have decreased in the Americas but still not in Africa and Asia. Thus, Dr. Mundel emphasized that partnerships are important and innovation in vaccine financing is critical and is also enabling to save more lives. “Programme Related Investments” (PRIs) are increasing Histamine H2 receptor in scope and size. As an example, a new Global Health Investment Fund of 100.000 million dollars was launched in 2013 primarily for the purpose of providing funds for late stage clinical trials, and is open to industry, individual and institutional investors. The foundation’s PRI programmes are focused on the development of drugs, vaccines, diagnostics, and other interventions for low-income countries. It includes but is not limited to fund investments, equity investments, loans and guaranties. An example of innovative global partnership to end deadly meningitis type A epidemics in Africa is illustrated by the development and low cost per dose of a meningitis A vaccine. A two-pronged introduction strategy included mass campaign vaccinations to gain immediate benefits, and vaccine integration into routine childhood immunization programmes, with over 100 million people immunized since 2010.

It is a temperate genus and grows in the warm temperate regions. About 23 species occur in India. H. candolleanum (Wight et arn), Gamble, an endemic species of Western Ghats, is a large perennial herb with tuberous roots commonly found in the hills and mountains of Peninsular India at higher altitudes. The plant is used in folk and tribal medicine for various purposes.

The kani tribes administer decoction of the whole plant internally for nervous disorders inflammatory conditions. The decoction of the root of this plant is used by the tribals to treat inflammatory condition, as an antiarthritic and nerve tonic. 1 A number of furanocoumarins and two monoterpenoids were reported from the fruits and roots of H. candolleanum 2 Sirolimus order and chemical

composition of essential oil was reported from the rhizomes of H. candolleanum. 3 The essential oil composition of various members of this genus have also been reported, Heracleum persicum, 4 and 5Heracleum dissectum Ledeb, 6Heracleum sphondylium, 7Heracleum crenatifolium Boiss. 8 and 9 Plants belonging to the genus Heracleum are aromatic and are excellent sources of essential oils. Here we report the chemical composition of the oils from the seeds of H. candolleanum. H. candolleanum (Wight et Arn) were collected from Ambalapara, Aralam wild life sanctuary. It was identified by Dr. Udayan. P. S. (Department of botany, Sree Krishna College, Guruvayoor). The herbarium is deposited at Sree Krishna College, ADP ribosylation factor Guruvayoor and Karpagam University, Coimbatore. Voucher No: 0123 MAPK inhibitor on 25. 03.2009. 1 kg of seeds of H. candolleanum was hydrodistilled for 4 h in a modified Clevenger type apparatus to yield 0.4% of essential oil. The essential oil so obtained was stored in a sealed glass tubes with screw lid cover under refrigeration at 4 °C. The essential oil of H. candolleanum was subjected to GC–MS analysis on an Agilent system consisting of a model 6890N gas chromatograph, a model 5975 inert mass selective detector (EIMS, electron energy, 70 eV, scan range 50–1000 amu, and scan rate 2 scans/s), and an Agilent Chem Station data system. The GC column was an DB-5 ms, fused silica capillary with a (5% phenyl)-methyl poly siloxane stationary phase,

film thickness of 0.25 μm, a length of 30 m, and an internal diameter of 0.25 mm. The carrier gas was helium with a column head pressure of 7.07 psi and flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Inlet temperature was 230 °C and MSD detector temperature was 230 °C. The GC oven temperature program was used as follows: 70 °C @ 5 °C/min, final temperature 120 s ramp @ 10 °C/min, final temperature 280 for 20 min. The sample was dissolved in 10 mL of acetone:toluene (1:1) mixture. 1 μL injections using a split less injection technique was used. Identification of oil components was achieved based on their retention indices, and by comparison of their mass spectral fragmentation patterns with those reported in the literature and stored on the MS library [NIST database (G1036A, revision D.01.

In terms of robustness study for a HPLC assay, analytical column is one of the most typical changing variables. To give some freedom in the method, different columns from various manufacturers were tested, by applying the same chromatographic conditions; baseline separations of the steroids tested were independent of column brand, demonstrating good robustness of the method. The above results were considered to be satisfactory for subsequent quantitative analysis of commercial samples. buy Volasertib After satisfactory development of method it was subject to method validation as per ICH guideline.16 and 17 The method was validated to demonstrate that it

is suitable for its intended purpose by the standard procedure to evaluate adequate validation characteristics (system suitability, accuracy, precision, linearity, robustness, ruggedness, solution stability, LOD and LOQ and stability indicating capability and parameters like theoretical plates, tailing factor and resolution for the standard solution were also calculated and indicated in Table 7). The proposed HPLC-PDA and ELSD method was successfully applied to simultaneous determination of steroids from commercial source. AZD2281 chemical structure The qualitative analyses were performed by means of the external standard methods and the

LCMS, HPLC-PDA and ELSD chromatograms of all samples are presented in Figs. 1 and 2. The present paper describes the development of a new LCMS method for the determination of three steroidal hormone drugs i.e. Dexamethasone; Testosterone and Estrone (E1) under Thiamine-diphosphate kinase three sets of analytical conditions. We could be able to get more and authentic information as chromatograms were recorded using ELSD detector in addition

to using Photon diode array detector followed by recording high resolution mass spectra. LCMS method was found to be more specific than those HPLC methods reported in pharmacopoeias. The method was found to be selective, sensitive, precise and accurate for the determination of steroids. The method was shown to be very useful for routine applications in the field of pharmaceutical analysis, especially steroidal hormone drugs. All authors have none to declare. The authors are wish to express their gratitude to the management of Evolva Biotech Pvt. Ltd, Chennai, India for providing necessary facilities to carry out the research. “
“Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are fused ring aromatic compounds and considered as major pollutants in the environment.1 They are produced during incomplete oxidation of different organic molecules. In the environment they have five distinct fates: volatilization, leaching, degradation, bioaccumulation and sequestration. However due to their high chemical stability2 and hydrophobicity3 they are difficult to be removed from the environment by the common physicochemical methods4; they remain suspended in aquatic environment and ultimately they enter the food chain5 causing harmful effects on us.

Lastly, we examined the effects of (+)MK801 on the Em of RMASMCs. Because Kv-channel currents are the dominant regulators of resting Em in RMASMCs (28), MK801 treatment was expected to depolarize the Em of RMASMCs. Applying (+)MK801 induced rapid and reversible depolarization of Em in a concentration-dependent manner (Fig. 8A). Fig. 8B presents the resting

Em values in the absence and presence of various concentrations of (+)MK801, and Fig. 8C summarizes the concentration-dependent depolarizing effects. To confirm GDC-0449 ic50 that (+)MK801-induced Em depolarization was because of the inhibition of K+ channels, we measured the Gm by repetitively injecting brief hyperpolarizing current pulses (amplitude −20 pA, duration 1 s, interval 15–35 s), which are reflected as transient

negative deflections (hyperpolarizations) of Em (Fig. 8A). Gm was calculated from Ohm’s law as follows: G = I/V,where I is the amplitude of the injecting current (−20 pA here) and V is the amplitude of the transient Em hyperpolarization resulting from current injection. The tracing of Em in Fig. 8A indicates that the (+)MK801-induced Em depolarization is associated mainly with the inhibition of K+ conductance, and not with the activation of a depolarizing conductance. Fig. 8D summarizes the concentration-dependent decrease in Gm caused by (+)MK801. The results of the present study indicate that MK801 blocks Kv channels independently of NMDAr and CDK inhibitor that this inhibition may depolarize the Em of vascular smooth muscle under clinical settings. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that MK801 blocks Kv channels and depolarizes Em in vascular smooth muscle cells. This MK801 inhibition of Kv channels, in addition to the NMDAr block, should be considered when assessing the various pharmacological effects of MK801 such as hypertension as well as schizophrenia. Ketamine, which is another PCP-derivative, is similar to MK801 in structure and pharmacological action and is an effective anesthetic, especially in patients at risk of hypotension during anesthesia: unlike other anesthetics, all ketamine increases

blood pressure (29). Although the hypertensive effect of ketamine is generally considered the result of inhibition of central and peripheral catecholamine reuptake (30) and (31) and direct stimulation of the CNS, the exact mechanism involved remains unclear. Inhibition of BKCa and Kv channels in vascular smooth muscle has been suggested as another mechanism of ketamine-induced hypertension (14) and (32). Moreover, no study has yet examined whether or not the inhibition of central and peripheral catecholamine reuptake and direct stimulation of the CNS (30) and (31) involves Kv-channel inhibition. MK801 is not administered clinically because of its critical side effect such as the neurotoxic effects called Olney’s lesions (33) and (34).

The 17 included studies contributed data on 23 study cohorts involving 1363 participants in total. The main properties of the studies of healthy elderly are presented in Table 1. In cases where studies contain more than one group of subjects, the groups are listed individually. The meta-regression analysis of mean age compared to mean Berg Balance Scale score in community-dwelling healthy elderly is presented in Figure 2. Each circle represents an individual sample, with the diameter of the circle representing the weight given to that sample because of

its variability and sample size. The analysis shows the deterioration of Berg Balance Scale score with increasing age (R2 = 0.81, p < 0.001). The Berg Balance Scale score

of healthy PD-0332991 in vivo people aged 70 years and older can be estimated by the formula: Berg Balance Scale score(over70years) = 107.7 − (age in years * 0.75). Linear regression analysis found a strong relationship between increasing age and increasing variability of Berg Balance Scale scores (R2 = 56%, p < 0.001). This analysis is presented in Figure 3. The standard deviation Epigenetics inhibitor of the Berg Balance Scale in groups of healthy people aged 70 years and older can be estimated by the formula: standard deviation of the Berg Balance Scale score(over70years) = (age in years * 0.328) – 20.5. The results of the meta-regression of mean Berg Balance Scale scores suggests that a 70-year-old community-dwelling person without health conditions likely to significantly affect their balance is likely to have a Berg Balance Scale score close to the maximum possible value of 56. The estimate of the decline in Berg Balance Scale with age beyond 70 years was fairly strongly supported by a large pooled sample of data (1363 participants). Interpretation of this decline in Berg Balance Scale with age should,

however, acknowledge that only three studies (four samples, 210 participants) had participants with a mean age over 80 years, and that the statistical either power of these studies were weakened by large standard deviations. These findings are broadly comparable to normative measures of mobility and balance using tools other than the Berg Balance Scale, which also show deterioration with age.25 The normal values of the Berg Balance Scale suggest a ceiling effect in people younger than 70 years of age. Because of limited data from participants over 80 years old, further study is warranted to explore the relationship between the Berg Balance Scale and age among healthy, community-dwelling people aged 80 years or more. This review found variation in the relationship between average Berg Balance Scale and age in healthy, community-dwelling elderly people. Several factors might explain this variability.